Objectives:To evaluate the clinical effects of hyperbaric ropivacaine alone and with clonidine or fentanyl for spinal anaesthesia for knee arthroscopy. Methods: Sixty ASA I/II patients were randomised to receive spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric ropivacaine alone (Group R), or with clonidine 15 μg (Group RC) or fentanyl 30 μg (Group RF). The sensory and motor block, time to micturition and side effects were assessed.
Results:The three groups were similar in mean time to onset of sensory block at T10, height of block and time to maximum block. Sensory regression to S2 took longer in Groups RF and RC compared with Group R (p = 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Time to requirement of rescue analgesia was longer in Groups RF and RC compared with Group R (p = 0.023 and 0.002, respectively). Time for complete regression of motor block and time to voiding were longer in group RC compared with group R (p = 0.022 and p = 0.013, respectively).
Conclusion:The addition of fentanyl 30 μg to hyperbaric ropivacaine may be superior to the addition of clonidine 15 μg for knee arthroscopy as it provides a similar prolongation of sensory block and analgesia without prolonging motor block and time to micturition.
Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) are the most commonly used reversible contraceptive methods. Uterine perforation followed by transmigration is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication associated with the use of IUCDs. Perforation of the bladder by an IUCD is extremely rare. We present the case of a 36-year-old woman with a 3-year history of IUCD placement presenting with symptoms of lower urinary tract infection. X-ray of the pelvis and hysteroscopy revealed an inverted T-shaped metallic shadow resembling an IUCD in the pelvis and an empty uterine cavity, respectively. Using a cystoscope, the IUCD was visualized embedded in the urinary bladder and its retrieval was attempted unsuccessfully with the cystoscope. Hence a rendezvous technique, in which laparoscopy, assisted with cystoscopy was performed. The vertical limb and half of the horizontal limb of the copper-T were retrieved from the outer wall of the urinary bladder laparoscopically, and the intravesical part of the horizontal limb along with the calculus was retrieved per urethra.
phone and the parent was reassured that the entire catheter was removed. This entire patient encounter was conducted using a smart phone and spared the parent the inconvenience of traveling to the hospital to verify an intact catheter. We are now considering adding the option of emailing digital images to ensure intact catheter removal as part of our routine discharge instructions.
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