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22 The Australian coastal zone encompasses tropical, sub-and extra-tropical climates and 23 accommodates about 80% of Australia's population. Sea level extremes and their physical 24 impacts in the coastal zone arise from a complex set of atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial 25 processes that interact on a range of spatial and temporal scales and will be modified by a 26 changing climate, including sea level rise. This review details significant progress over recent 27 years in understanding the causes of past and projections of future changes in sea level and 28 coastal extremes, yet a number of research questions, knowledge gaps and challenges 29 remain. These include efforts to improve knowledge on past sea level extremes, integrate a 30 wider range of processes in projections of future changes to sea level extremes, and focus 31 efforts on understanding long-term coastline response from the combination of contributing 32 factors.

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