Our results show that nephrologists' knowledge of and adherence to the recommendations regarding immunization after renal transplantation is suboptimal. Most Dutch RTR are aware of their increased risk and the possible seriousness of infectious complications. However, their behavior does not match their awareness. This disparity points to an important role for nephrologists in providing adequate counseling.

No abstract

Sir Astley Paston Cooper has, to date, been acknowledged to be the first to describe the suspensory ligaments of the breast, or Cooper's ligaments, in 1840. We found these ligaments to be recorded in the first edition of 'De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem' by Andreas Vesalius, published in 1543. To commemorate Vesalius' 500th birthday, we quote and discuss this earlier record. Vesalius' record of the nature and function of the fleshy membrane between mammary gland and pectoral muscle, the hard fat intervening the mammary glands, and the fibers running from the fleshy membrane to the skin are a clear representation of posterior layer of the superficial fascial system, the fibro-adipose stroma surrounding and linking the mammary glandular elements, and the suspensory ligaments as we know them. Vesalius recorded the anatomy and function of the latter structures nearly 300 years before Sir Astley Paston Cooper did.

Because of their relevance for liposuction and rhytidectomies, respectively, the superficial fascial system (SFS) and superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) have been thoroughly studied over the past decennia. Although it is well known that the SMAS concept was introduced by Tessier in 1974, it remains unknown who first properly described the stratum membranosum of the SFS. In light of the 500th birthday of Andreas Vesalius (1515-1564), we searched his 1543 masterwork De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem and related work for references to these structures. We found ample reference to both structures as the membrana carnosa (or fleshy membrane) in his works and concluded that Vesalius recognized the extension, nature, and functions of the stratum membranosum of the SFS, as well as its more musculous differentiation as the SMAS in the head and neck area, and the dartos in the perineogenital area. In doing so, Vesalius recorded most details of the SFS and SMAS concepts avant la lettre.