Milk of naturally infected animal species is considered an essential reservoir of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Cryptosporidium parvum. An extant survey was performed to measure the T. gondii, N. caninum, and C. parvum incidence and periodic frequency amongst milk samples. One-thousand and one-hundred and sixty raw and 400 pasteurized milk samples were collected. Milk samples were used for DNA extraction. The nested-polymerase chain reaction was applied to diagnose B1, NP, and hsp70 genes of the T. gondii, N. caninum, and C. parvum, respectively. The total incidence of T. gondii, N. caninum, and C. parvum in examined milk samples were 2.69%, 10.51%, and 2.94%, respectively. Co-contamination of examined milk samples with all three protozoa was 0.38%. T. gondii had the highest distribution amongst raw sheep (5.00%) milk samples, while N. caninum, and C. parvum had the highest distribution in raw buffalo (23.68% and 6.31%, respectively) milk samples. Marked periodicity with the higher distribution of all protozoa among raw milk samples collected during autumn and summer seasons were found (P <0.05). Raw milk of animal species and pasteurized cow milk may be reservoirs of N. caninum, T. gondii, and C. parvum. Accurate monitoring of raw and pasteurized milk, particularly in autumn and summer seasons, can diminish the risk of human and animal toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and neosporosis. However, further investigations are essential to understand the exact epidemiological aspects and other risk factors associated with the N. caninum, C. parvum, and T. gondii presence in raw and pasteurized milk.
To date more than 1000 different variants in the PAH gene have been identified in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). In Iran, several studies have been performed to investigate the genetics bases of the PKU in different parts of the country. In this study, we have analysed and present an update of the mutational landscape of the PAH gene as well as the population genetics and frequencies of detected variants for each cohort. Published articles on PKU mutations in Iran were identified through a comprehensive PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science (ISI), SCOPUS, Elsevier, Wiley Online Library and SID literature search using the terms: “phenylketonuria”, “hyperphenylalaninemia”, and “PKU” in combination with “Iran”, “Iranian population”, “mutation analysis”, and “Molecular genetics”. Among the literature‐related to genetics of PKU, 18 studies were on the PKU mutations. According to these studies, in different populations of Iran 1497 patients were included for mutation detection that resulted in detection of 129 different mutations. Results of genetic analysis of the different cohorts of Iranian PKU patients show that the most prevalent mutation in Iran is the pathogenic splice variant c.1066‐11G > A, occurring in 19.54% of alleles in the cohort. Four other common mutations were p.Arg261Gln, p.Pro281Leu, c.168 + 5G > C and p.Arg243Ter (8.18%, 6.45%, 5.88% and 3.7%, respectively). One notable feature of the studied populations is its high rate of consanguineous marriages. Considering this feature, determining the prevalent PKU mutations could be advantageous for designing screening and diagnostic panels in Iran.
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