Objectives
We sought to study the association between sedation status, medications (benzodiazepines, opioids, and antipsychotics), and clinical outcomes in a resource-limited setting.
Design
A longitudinal study of critically ill participants on mechanical ventilation.
Setting
Five intensive care units (ICUs) in four public hospitals in Lima, Peru.
Patients
One thousand six hundred fifty-seven critically ill participants were assessed daily for sedation status during 28 days and vital status by day 90.
Results
After excluding data of participants without a Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale score and without sedation, we followed 1338 (81%) participants longitudinally for 18,645 ICU days. Deep sedation was present in 98% of participants at some point of the study and in 12,942 ICU days. Deep sedation was associated with higher mortality (interquartile odds ratio (OR) = 5.42, 4.23–6.95;
p
< 0.001) and a significant decrease in ventilator (− 7.27;
p
< 0.001), ICU (− 4.38;
p
< 0.001), and hospital (− 7.00;
p
< 0.001) free days. Agitation was also associated with higher mortality (OR = 39.9, 6.53–243,
p
< 0.001). The most commonly used sedatives were opioids and benzodiazepines (9259 and 8453 patient days respectively), and the latter were associated with a 41% higher mortality in participants with a higher cumulative dose (75th vs 25th percentile, interquartile OR = 1.41, 1.12–1.77;
p
< 0.01). The overall cumulative dose of benzodiazepines and opioids was high, 774.5 mg and 16.8 g, respectively, by day 7 and by day 28; these doses approximately doubled. Haloperidol was only used in 3% of ICU days; however, the use of it was associated with a 70% lower mortality (interquartile OR = 0.3, 0.22–0.44,
p
< 0.001).
Conclusions
Deep sedation, agitation, and cumulative dose of benzodiazepines were all independently associated with higher 90-day mortality. Additionally, deep sedation was associated with less ventilator-, ICU-, and hospital-free days. In contrast, haloperidol was associated with lower mortality in our study.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s13054-019-2394-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
