The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of cash social benefits on work incentives across the income distribution and among selected model family types in Lithuania. The analysis of work incentives was carried out for 2005-2013 based on a combination of measures estimated using the EUROMOD tax-benefit microsimulation model. The analysis revealed high disincentives to work at the bottom of the income distribution, dominated by the effect of cash social benefits compared to taxes or social insurance contributions. A strong trade-off between benefit adequacy and work incentives is built into the design of the national cash benefit system, particularly social assistance. The challenge for policy design is thus to encourage active labour market participation among low earners without eroding the minimum income protection floor.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Straipsnyje parodoma socialinio teisingumo sampratos svarba tiriant studijų prieinamumą. Jis straipsnio autorių tiriamas socialinių sluoksnių atstovavimo skirtingo prestižo studijų programose aspektu. Parodyta, kad Lietuvoje studijos pagal prestižines programas daug mažiau prieinamos ekonominiu ir išsilavinimo požiūriu silpnesnių šeimų vaikams. Jie dažniau studijuoja neprestižines programas ir rečiau gauna finansinę valstybės pagalbą. Tai rodo, kad studijų politika Lietuvoje labiau remiasi meritokratiniu socialinio teisingumo principu.
Long-term stability of relative shares of production factors – labor and capital – was an implied fact for a long time. However, recently empirical data have become available, and several authors have presented a conclusive evidence showing a worldwide decline in labor share, which is especially manifested in Continental Europe.Despite the recent scientific interest in the stability of labor share, the trend analysis for small open economies such as the Baltic countries is very limited in the scientific literature. Therefore, this article aims at analyzing theoretical literature and empirical evidences on the changes in functional income distribution with the focus on the Baltic countries while also providing interpretations of the possible causes for this shift. Authors primarily focus on labor share trends in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, while stressing the importance of the correct measurement of this indicator.
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