In the Northwestern Federal District, the main agricultural source of environmental pollution is the disposal of organic waste (manure and litter), which accounts for a risk of 85 percent. The problem of ensuring environmental safety requires appropriate solutions based on modern intelligent machine technologies, means of monitoring and controlling technological processes of organic waste disposal. (Research purpose) To provide rationale for combined methods of solving environmental problems in animal and poultry farming. (Materials and methods) The authors studied the environmental impact of machine technologies used in livestock and poultry farming. The studies were carried out by assessing environmental risks and the sustainability of agroecosystems, applying methods and techniques for assessing the best available technologies, and studying the main prospects of developing intelligent digital technologies. (Results and discussion) The authors have identified the main methods of solving the environmental problems associated with large farm enterprises, including the calculation, design and system operation of the best available technologies for agricultural production. They have proposed a technical tool in the form of a bioreactor for the disposal of organic waste, capable of reducing manure and litter processing period in 60 times and providing automated flow and process control with online registration of production and environmental indicators. They have described an intelligent system for monitoring and utilizing organic waste, including a conceptual framework for establishing modular centers for deep processing. (Conclusions) The authors have proved that the implementation of modern methods for ensuring effective and environmentally safe agricultural production requires the establishing of experimental plot sites for complex research and demonstration of a “machine technology – monitoring – management” system. It has been proposed that a site of the VIM agrobiotechnological cluster should be established at a pilot livestock complex enterprise in the Leningrad Region. The authors have identified promising areas of research to ensure the transition of agricultural production to a new technological structure that implements the principles of Smart Farming to provide for the disposal of at least 510 million tons of agricultural organic waste a year.
Abstract. One of the most effective technologies for manure utilization is its processing in a drum biofermenter. This technology allows obtaining different products with specified end-use properties in the same installation depending on the operation mode. The created mathematical model is designed to determine the modes, under which the bio-fermentation processes in the processed material are most intensive and feature the least nutrients loss. The model input factors were aeration time (from 3 to 7 min·h -1 per one ton), aeration rate (from 5.5 to 9.5 m·s -1 under the 76 mm pipeline diameter) and drum rotation frequency (three rotations every 6 to 12 hours). The target function was the product temperature reached in the bio-fermenter during manure processing. Experiments with three replications were carried out in the laboratory of bioconversion of organic waste in IEEP on a patented drum bio-fermenter. The starting material was separated solid fraction of cattle manure. Based on the calculation results the error of experiment reproducibility was 1.85. The developed mathematical model allows establishing the effect of individual input factors and their combinations on the target function. After the model analysis the pair interaction of time and aeration rate factors were found to have the most sizable contribution to the temperature variation in the bio-fermenter. The rational modes of drum biofermenter operation were identified to obtain different end products with desired properties and to further optimize the conversion process.Key words: manure, bio-fermentation, mathematical model, drum bio-fermenter, ecology. IntoductionLivestock production is directly associated with manure formation. Every year its utilisation is becoming an increasingly significant problem. In the North-West of the Russian Federation composting is the basic manure utilisation technique. It allows to obtain the high quality organic fertilizer, which forms the basis for extension of the humus layer of soil and subsequent increase of crop yields [1].Intensification of livestock industry toughens the requirements for the manure utilization technology forcing to introduce new, faster and more efficient processing practices. One such technology is accelerated manure composting in a drum bio-fermenter.The basic condition for successful composting is to provide the microorganisms, involved in aerobic fermentation of manure, with the most comfortable living conditions: sufficient amount of oxygen and optimum temperature [2]. Specific design features of a drum bio-fermenter allow to vary its operation modes in order to receive different products with desired final properties: organic fertilizers or bedding for farm animals [3; 4].The aim of the work was to create a mathematical model of a drum bio-fermenter and to determine the rational modes of its operation to produce bedding and fertilizers. Materials and methodsThe study was conducted in 2015-2016 in the IEEP Organic Waste Bioconversion Laboratory on a patented drum-type bio-fermenter (Fi...
Ammonia emissions are a worldwide major environmental concern. In 2017, ammonia emissions in the European part of Russia amounted to 80.9 thousand tons, of which up to 56.9 thousand tons came from agriculture. The main source of ammonia in this sector is the farm animal/poultry manure (slurry) utilisation technologies. Slurry acidifi cation technology (SAT) is one of the methods to reduce ammonia emissions. (Research purpose) To assess the potential application of this technology in the Russian part of the Baltic Sea catchment area within the NorthWest Federal District of the Russian Federation. (Materials and methods) The area under study included Republic of Karelia, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov Regions. The authors considered the statistical data on the farm animal stock and the slurry output in the pilot area. The dynamic pattern of pig slurry pH was experimentally determined. The economic effi ciency of slurry acidifi cation technology was calculated for two functioning livestock complexes. (Results and discussion) According to statistical data, around 11.8 million tons of animal/poultry manure is produced in the pilot area annually, including around 7.4 million tons of slurry, which could potentially be acidifi ed. Three SAT options-in-house, in-storage and in-fi eld application-were considered for the Russian conditions. The main limiting factors for SAR application were identifi ed. The SAT introduction costs and economic benefi ts were compared. (Conclusions) The prospects of SAT introduction in the pilot region were estimated. The need for the integrated research under the Russian conditions involving engineers, biologists, soil scientists, ecologists and other specialists, who could prove the feasibility and economic effi ciency of the slurry acidifi cation technology, was established.
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