A diversity of crops of agri-food interest are produced in the Colombian highlands, including quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an annual herbaceous plant with white, yellow, red or black seeds, containing between 12% and 21% protein. It is an important source of lysine and methionine. Historically, this plant has played a fundamental role in human nutrition, due to its multiple benefits for disease prevention and treatment. Salinity is the abiotic stress most studied in quinoa; however, the development of this crop on all continents has led to the study of other factors, such as cold and heat, resulted by the increase in weather patterns. This review describes the progress in the temperature effects, photoperiod, atmospheric CO2 concentration and agronomic aspects on the growth and development of quinoa, as well as compositional characteristics of the seeds and their prospective related to the agroclimatic diversity of Colombia.
Photosynthetic activity is a fundamental process in the physiology of plants, and its regulation plays an important role in determining the effect of abiotic factors. Quinoa is a plant species of agronomic and nutritional interest that has been recognized for its adaptability to extreme environmental conditions, however, climate change may result in unfavorable conditions capable of affecting the natural development of this species, which is of great interest culture and research in South America. To evaluate the response of quinoa to stress, techniques could be used that quantify the loss of light energy through its dissipation in the form of heat. However, the measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence is the most widely used and accessible technique for field research, which allows to recognize the relationships between the plant and agroclimatic factors. This review summarizes the physiological effects of heat, radiation, salinity, and nutrient and water availability, as well as their possible interactions on quinoa.
Quinoa (Amaranthaceae) is a native pseudo-cereal produced throughout the South American zone, where it is used in the preparation of food and as a promising alternative for the colonization of edaphoclimatic areas affected by anthropic and natural factors. Among the main problems that affect crop production, we can include those related to growth, development and production, generated by limitations of adaptability of new cultivars in specific areas. For this reason, this research intended to analyze the growth and morphphysiological behavior of the cultivars of quinoa Blanca Soracá (BS), Blanca Jericó (BT), and Tunkahuan (T). The study was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Cauca University (Colombia) located at 1880 m a.s.l. The analysis, allowed to recognize that the three cultivars of quinoa, show different times of phenological development, until harvest (138.25 ± 2.3 and 161 ± 1.1 days). The number of leaves, the height of plants, and the number of branches show adjustment of sigmoidal regression equations (R 2 0.99 -0.98) for the cultivars BJ and T, while total chlorophyll content was adjusted to cubic behavior (R 2 0.90 -0.89). The cultivars of quinoa express productive behaviors that are associated with early and late cycles, showing differences in the production and weight of seeds. RESUMOQuinoa (Amaranthaceae) é um pseudo-cereal nativo produzido em toda a zona sul-americana, onde é utilizada como alimento e alternativa promissora para o cultivo em áreas edafoclimáticas afetadas por fatores antrópicos e naturais. Entre os principais problemas que afetam a produção agrícola, inclui-se aqueles relacionados ao crescimento, desenvolvimento e produção, gerados por limitações de adaptabilidade de novas cultivares em áreas específicas. Por este motivo, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o crescimento e o comportamento morfológico das cultivares de quinoa Blanca Soracá (BS), Blanca Jericó (BT) e Tunkahuan (T). O estudo foi realizado na estufa da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade de Cauca (Colômbia) a 1880 m.a.n.m A análise permitiu reconhecer que as três cultivares de quinoa apresentam diferentes épocas de desenvolvimento fenológico até a colheita (138,25 ± 2,3 e 161 ± 1,1 dias). O número de folhas, a altura das plantas e o número de ramos mostram ajuste às equações de regressão sigmoidal (R 2 0,99 -0,98) para as cultivares BJ e T, enquanto o teor de clorofila total foi ajustado para comportamento cúbica (R 2 0,90 -0,89). As cultivares de quinoa expressam comportamentos produtivos associados a ciclos precoces e tardios, mostrando diferenças na produção e peso das sementes.
The great diversity of quinoa allows variations in physiological, production, and compositional performance. This study aimed to evaluate six quinoa cultivars through the physiological and nutritional responses of their seeds. Different dynamics were identified in the plant height, and the number of leaves was adjusted to sigmoidal models with R2 greater than 0.97 and 0.77, respectively. The chlorophyll concentration varied through the phenological phases, as did the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II. Differences in the quinoa grains were found between CIEL*a*b* colorimetric coordinates and protein, carbohydrate, and fat contents. In this sense, quinoa cultivars manifest different biological behaviors associated with their genetic nature. Besides, a relationship between cultivars and seed composition was recognized. These results will allow researchers to study other significant differences between the precocity expressed by the Puno, Nariño, and Titicaca cultivars and those with a longer phenological cycle such as the Soracá cultivar.
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