The data on the glycinergic transmission in the rostral brainstem are both few and controversial. The present report provides evidence for a possible glycinergic transmission in Sprague-Dawley rats, based on observations of immunocytochemical labeling for gephyrin, a 93 kDa protein and a component of the functional glycine receptor. A monoclonal antibody against gephyrin was used, and the reaction product was visualized by means of avidin-biotin-peroxidase procedure. The reaction product in midbrain and rostral pons was found in neuronal perikarya and in proximal dendrites but in some cases the most distal dendritic branches were also labeled. The neuropil usually displayed a moderate staining with finely granulated reaction product. The most significant immunocytochemical signal was mainly encountered in large and medium-sized neuronal populations of the motor cranial nerve nuclei (III, IV, V), in the reticular formation (laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus), in the red nucleus, in the intermediate and deep gray strata of the superior colliculus. Only in the substantia nigra and the inferior colliculus the parvocellular cell populations were mainly labeled. The present data suggest a significant inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission in the rostral brainstem, probably mediated by interneurons.
Fibrosarcoma of the skull is an extremely rare condition. We report a case of a male patient surgically treated by radical tumor excision and plastic reconstruction with a free myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap. Revascularization on the side of the intervention was verified intraoperatively by using an infrared thermography camera in the follow-up period to evaluate flap vitality in addition to standard clinical monitoring. We observed no complications and achieved a good aesthetic result.
Whereas basic features of post-axotomy muscle reinnervation have been extensively studied in rats, little is known about axonal regrowth and pathfinding in cats. To address the question, adult cats were subjected to facial-facial anastomosis (FFA). First group served to establish optimal parameters for labeling of the zygomatic and buccal facial branches with 1,1'dioctadecyl-3,3,3,'3'-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) and Fast Blue (FB) placed onto respective transected nerves. The second group of animals underwent identical bilateral labeling 3 months after transection and suture of the right facial nerve. This group served to establish the number of motoneurons, which had branched after surgery and projected into both facial branches. On control side, DiI application onto zygomatico-orbital branch labeled 3883 +/- 598 (mean +/- S.D.) perikarya were confined to the dorsal and intermediate facial subnuclei, meanwhile an application of FB onto the buccal branch labeled 1617 +/- 552 perikarya in the lateral and ventrolateral subnuclei. There were no double-labeled cells. Three months after FFA all retrogradely labeled motoneurons were scattered throughout the entire facial nucleus. To establish the proportion of perikarya, that re-grew multiple axonal branches into both nerves, double-labeled (FB + DiI) motoneurons were counted from digital images. The zygomatico-orbital nerve contained 3311 +/- 430 DiI-labeled whereas the buccal nerve 1500 +/- 442 FB-labeled motoneurons. The occurrence of 311 +/- 103 double-labeled perikarya (DiI+FB) suggested that approximately 6% of all retrogradely labeled motoneurons branched axons into both nerves. I conclude that malfunctioning axonal pathfinding rather than deviant reinnervation contributed to poor recovery of function after FFA in the cat.
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