Modern Russia faces difficulties in ensuring food quality and safety. The updated federal food security doctrine focuses on export opportunities and monitoring the ratio between domestic production and consumption. This agenda is determined by possible external threats: sanctions and trade wars, various conflicts, and economic and agricultural crises. The aim is to reveal the features of consumer behavior when interacting with food operators and to show the influence of socio-economic characteristics on individual practices. Empirical data are obtained from the authors’ mass survey and in-depth interviews. Results might signify that society came to a consensus on trust in quality and safety of food. Observed differences in outlet and product choices can be explained by income, settlement type, and age. Local producers are struggling to enter retail chains, as there are contradictions between consumer expectations and internal policies of sales operators. Experts argue that people poorly assess the real risks of economizing and favoring low-quality food.
The purpose of this article is to analyse food security of the Russian Arctic regions’ inhabitants. International context consideration allows to show some contradictions in food security concept understanding, that FAO and Russian political elite have. Social disproportions in economic affordability and physical availability of food, consumer preferences and behaviour are revealed. The article addresses original empirical data, statistical regression and factor analysis to examine consumers’ behavioural features, associated with economic inaccessibility of vital food products. It is noted that families with three or more children constantly economize, not buying the necessary amount of meat and meat products, fish and seafood, fruits and berries. Research results indicate that the governmental food security policy should be adapted to the realities of Arctic region inhabitants. We pay special attention to the need to shift the food security concept from external threats and hunger to threats that local population face every day. This problem is particularly relevant for the Russian Arctic zone residents.
Why are some countries so much richer than others? Development Accounting is a first-pass attempt at organizing the answer around two proximate determinants: factors of production and efficiency. It answers the question "how much of the cross-country income variance can be attributed to differences in (physical and human) capital, and how much to differences in the efficiency with which capital is used?" Hence, it does for the cross-section what growth accounting does in the time series. The current consensus is that efficiency is at least as important as capital in explaining income differences. I survey the data and the basic methods that lead to this consensus, and explore several extensions. I argue that some of these extensions may lead to a reconsideration of the evidence.
Recognizing the importance of personality traits since the middle of the last century, economic and sociological science was forced to leave them “outside the brackets”, due to the lack of effective methods of measurement. In the modern economy, the role of “soft forms” of capital is becoming so obvious that research in this area is actualized. Technological development is transforming the labor market, and the number of jobs associated with monotonous and uncreative activities is decreasing. There is a growing need for workers with advanced cognitive and non-cognitive characteristics: able to combine professional expertise and the ability to effectively communicate with colleagues and clients. The purpose of the article is to analyze the theories prevailing in world science on individual non-cognitive characteristics in order to determine the possibilities of expanding the interpretation of human capital accepted in Russian science. The methodological approach of this study includes a systematic review of the scientific literature. Special attention is paid to the search for empirical indicators. The review shows that in the economic and sociological literature the concept of “non-cognitive” is associated with non-objective and non-specific human activity, that is, with his universal and transferable competence. Non-cognitive characteristics are associated with skills, abilities, personality traits, attitudes, preferences that affect individual performance and interpersonal interaction. At the same time, the border between the non-cognitive various components of human capital in the Russian literature is not drawn accurately. The authors contribute to solving this problem.
The modern theory of human capital no longer interprets education, professional qualifications, and work experience as the only sources of income and labor productivity. There is a growing interest in the research of non-cognitive characteristics of human capital, which represent the socio-psychological qualities of an individual that affect the capitalization of knowledge and skills. The author focuses on such non-cognitive characteristics of human capital as self-efficacy, resilience, and agency. The article aims to analyze the relationship between non-cognitive characteristics of human capital and indicators of individual achievement (economic and non-economic). Applied descriptive sociological research is conducted in accordance with the positivist paradigm. Frequency distributions, comparison of averages, and correlation method are used in data analysis. The sampling represents the working population of the region (n = 1 261). The results show that self-efficacy, resilience and agency are represented differently in various socio-demographic, professional and status groups, but these differences are small. Life results are statistically significantly correlated with the values of the indices of non-cognitive characteristics of human capital. Correlations between economic achievements (job satisfaction, professional fulfillment) are higher than correlations with non-economic achievements (life satisfaction, confidence in the future). The author concludes that individuals demonstrate not only higher subjective assessments of life achievements, but also have higher wages if they are more confident in their abilities when solving work tasks, persistent in achieving professional goals, and independent in their activity.
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