Metallic cathodes are one of reasons for instability in perovskite solar cells due to reaction with halogens I−, Br−, and it is desirable to have stable carbon‐based cathodes, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and transport layers such as C60/C70. In this work, we show that gating of such top CNT cathode in ionic liquid by changing gate voltage (V
g) tunes the Fermi level of CNT by electrical double layer charging and causes lowering of the barrier at C60/C70 electron transport layer (ETL). Moreover, at higher V
g the ions further propagate into fullerene ETL by electrochemical n‐doping, which increases dramatically performance by further raising mostly two parameters: short‐circuit current and fill factor, resulting in solar cell efficiency growth from 3% to 11%. Surprisingly, open‐circuit voltage (V
oc) is not sensitive to V
g in the perovskite solar cells, on the contrary to strongly enhanced V
oc in ionically gated organic solar cells, where it is the main effect for ionic gating. This insensitivity of V
oc to lowering of the work function of CNT electrode is a clear indication that V
oc in the perovskite solar cell is determined by inner p‐i‐n junction formation in the perovskite layer itself.
We investigate the applicability of the coupled multipole model and its modification in the framework of the zero-order Born approximation for modeling of light focusing by finite-size nanostructures of silicon nanospheres, supporting electric and magnetic dipole and quadrupole resonances. The results based on the analytical approximations are verified by comparison with the numerical simulations performed by the T-matrix method. Using the evolutionary algorithm optimization, we apply the developed approach to design silicon nanosphere metalenses with predefined focusing properties. The obtained results demonstrate a strong optimization potential of the suggested calculation scheme for engineering ultrathin metalenses.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.