Underwater Remotely Operated vehicle is a tethered mobile vehicle most often used to monitor underwater oil and gas drilling inspection, telecommunications and homeland security. The main focus of this research is to design a vehicle at low cost which is safe, portable, and easy to use while increasing the maneuverability and efficiency to reach a depth of 5 meters. While conducting research a unique design is selected based on a novel fin propulsion mechanism rather than propellers. Propellers though have high speed but cannot work on low flow rates and their blades can be damaged if jelly fish or other material is struck in its shaft. Two shapes have been considered to remove above difficulties i.e. Fish and Turtle. Due to higher stability, larger area and greater hydrodynamic efficiency Sea Turtle has been selected, as it can easily overcome the forces like buoyancy, pressure and thrust force. The results extracted from this research shows that the underwater vehicles based on the biological locomotion principle can perform very well than other propeller counterparts. The research concludes with the performance of a working system that validates motion capabilities related to speed, depth and hydrodynamic efficiency which can be further improved by using sophisticated control systems, outer shell and highly integrated processors.
Harmful pollutants (CO, NO, and unburnt hydrocarbons) coming out from the exhaust manifold of an engine must be converted into harmless gases by using catalytic converter. This field has seen vast research for increasing the conversion efficiency of pollutants by using different cheap metals. Nowadays, catalysts used in catalytic converter are noble metals, and they are also critical in the sense that they are not abundant on Earth. Platinum, palladium and rhodium are very expensive; hence, low-cost cars are not installed with catalytic converter, especially in third world countries. This research has been carried out to assess the catalytic activity of catalysts made from the salt/metal precursors, cerium sulphate tetra hydrate, manganese sulphate mono hydrate and copper sulphate penta hydrate that are not expensive and also less affected by the poison. Test sample catalysts were prepared through a coprecipitation method having different molar concentrations, and then tested for the conversion efficiency by applying the catalysts on ceramic plates by using flue gas analyzer. On the basis of the results, final catalysts were prepared and applied on a monolithic ceramic plate and then tested with regard to the resulting conversion rate of pollutants as compared to already installed catalytic converter. Moreover, turbine was installed in the exhaust passage to generate the power that would be utilized to run the electrical accessories of the engine. SOLIDWORKS were used for 3D CAD modeling and the flow analysis of turbine with radial inlet-axial outlet. In addition, ANSYS was used for stress-strain analysis.
This research aims to compare the chips formed by using different vegetable oil based lubricants such as coconut oil, cooking oil, hair oil etc. For this purpose, drilling was affordable and easy process which was used. The process was applied on AISI 1080 Mild Steel and chips and their grain structure were examined through Material Testing Microscope model TESCAN (MIRA 3 XMU Type) to check surface morphology. As a result of chip analysis through Material Testing Microscope; coconut oil gave better chip length with better grain structure. The lubricants or material can be changed to see the difference or resemblance of chip structure formed as a result.
The aim of this research is performing the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of 81mm Mortar Shell (French Design). The analysis is performed using ANSYS Fluent Software on three different Mach numbers (0.72, 0.76, and 0.84) and results are compared with existing design of 81mm HE M57D A2 Mortar. The drag coefficient of new modified design is found to be less than the existing model. The range of mortar shell is increased by 271 meters because of low drag coefficient with 5.96% percent increase in range and 15.73% decrease in drag coefficient value. Parabolic type; light weighted material fuze casing applied over the existing fuze will result in increase in aerodynamics, range enhancement and drag coefficient reduction. Weight optimization by using lighter material for mortar components and increasing the muzzle velocity can also increase flight duration of the projectile and increase its range. The analysis on 81mm Mortar Shell is a part of range enhancement study to overcome the short fall in required range of mortar shells.
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