The author of this article examines the gradual accumulation of information in the Hungarian Kingdom about the Mongol Western Campaign and the corresponding propagation of this information in Western Europe. The primary information was brought to Europe by the Dominican friar Julian after his return from his travel to the Volga Magyars at the end of 1235. The letter of friar Julian written at the beginning of 1238 is replete with information about Mongol tactical warfare, previous military campaigns of Chingis Khan and Jochi, and the first Mongol conquest in the early stages of the Western Campaign of Batu. He also brought an oral report of the Prince of Vladimir on the Mongol plans to attack the Hungarian Kingdom. Soon the content of Julian's letter became known in Western Europe. The Hungarian King Béla IV started to make preparations for the imminent Mongol invasion and attempted to organise resistance.
Цель исследования: рассмотреть и сравнить между собой процессы исламизации кочевников в улусе Хулагуидов и Джучидов в начале правления ильхана Газана (1295-1304) и золотоордынского хана Узбека (1313-1341). Материалы исследования: персидские синхронные источники по процессу исламизации кочевников Ильханата в связи с приходом к власти ильхана Газана, существенно дополненные отчетом очевидца событий, суфийского шейха Садр ад-Дин Ибрагима аль-Хаммуйи, в передаче мамлюкского автора аль-Джазари, которым противопоставлены сведения местных армянских и несторианских источников с добавлением дополнительной информации латинских авторов. В отношении событий в Золотой Орде и оценки религиозной политики хана Узбека здесь использовано сравнение традиционных сведений персидских и мамлюкских летописей с синхронными латинскими источниками, составленными внутри улуса Джучи. Новизна данного исследования заключается в попытке сопоставления последствий прихода к власти «исламизирующих» ханов в обоих улусах и в противопоставлении мусульманским источникам, склонным преувеличивать успехи в исламизации местных кочевников, сведений христианских очевидцев событий, позволяющих существенно разнообразить представление о религиозной политике как ильхана Газана, так и золотоордынского хана Узбека. В результате сравнения двух противоположных по своему характеру типов источников автор приходит к выводу, что правители обоих улусов были вынуждены придерживаться традиционной политики религиозной толерантности, встретив ожесточенное сопротивление кочевников при попытке от ее отклонения.
Research objectives: The author of this article seeks to draw the attention of researchers to the whole body of little-known Latin sources concerning the details of the development of Catholic missionary work in the territory of the Golden Horde since the second half of the 13 th century. Research materials: These sources seem to be important primarily because they include "internal" sources, namely, reports of Catholic missionaries compiled in the territory of the Golden Horde and sent to the leadership of the Mendicant orders (mainly the Franciscan Order of the Friars Minor) in Europe. The body of writings also includes "external" sources, that is, papal bulls addressed to the Golden Horde rulers, the missionaries themselves in the dominions of these rulers, and their subjects in the steppes and cities of the Golden Horde whom the Roman curia regarded as immediate targets for their missionary activity. In addition, narrative descriptions of the Franciscan chroniclers who received information either directly from missionaries returning from the Golden Horde, or through their unpreserved letters, are discussed here as "external" Latin sources. The novelty of this study stems from its comparison of the already well-known sources on the Golden Horde with the content of reports of the Mendicants, papal bulls, and Franciscan chronicles, which allows the author to significantly diversify the information on its history. Research results: In particular, the author resorted to a comparison of missionary and Eastern (Mamluk, Persian, Russian, Greek, and Armenian) sources, completely independent of each other. In doing this, the author sought to demonstrate the usefulness of such a comparison to clarify the existed data and to obtaining new information. In addition, the author tried to justify the importance of the missionary sources presented in the article.
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