Morphological changes in the embryos, egg size and development, incubation period and morphological structures of newly hatched zoea of three mud crab Scylla species were determined.The three species exhibited similar embryonic development composed of 10 stages. The mean egg diameter of Scylla serrata was signi¢cantly larger (Po0.05) at the prehatch stage. The mean egg diameters of Scylla tranquebarica and Scylla olivacea were similar (P40.05). The incubation period was the longest in S. serrata and the shortest in S. olivacea.There was a positive relationship between egg size and larval size, as S. serrata exhibited the largest egg size and ¢rst zoea. However, no correlation was detected between egg size at prehatch and lengths of the morphological structures of the newly hatched zoea. The three species exhibited similar lengths of cephalic structures, but S. olivacea had signi¢cantly shorter (Po0.05) abdominal structures. The duration of spawning from ablation was the shortest in S. tranquebarica and the longest in S. olivacea. The study is relevant to aquaculture and ¢sheries management of Scylla species.
An optimization study on concentration (viz. 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 g L −1 ) and dipping time (i.e., 30 and 60 min) was conducted on three different color morphotypes (i.e., reddish brown, yellowish brown and purple) of the commercial carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty. The study tested the efficacy of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP) on the growth rate and occurrence of macro-epiphytes from August to November, representing the wet season of the Philippines. The optimum concentration and dipping time were obtained at 0.1 g L −1 and 30 min, respectively. These optimum parameters were then further verified in a commercial nursery using the yellowish brown morphotype. In another experiment, K. alvarezii (tambalang purple morphotype) and Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty (sacol green morphotype) with, and without, AMPEP dippings were tested for their total phenolic content, free radical scavenging and iron chelating activities. Seaweed dipped in AMPEP demonstrated higher growth rates than the control. Lower concentrations (i.e., 0.01-0.1 g L −1 ) and shorter dipping time (e.g., 30 min) produced higher growth rates than the highest concentration (1.0 g L −1 ) and longer (60 min) dipping time. The presence of macro-epiphytes such as filamentous Ulva did not adversely affect the robust growth of the three color morphotypes of K. alvarezii. The lowest and highest growth rates obtained in a commercial seaweed nursery using the optimum concentration and dipping time of AMPEP were observed in July and January with 0.8% and 6.7% day −1 , respectively. The antioxidant content of K. alvarezii (tambalang purple) and K. striatum (sacol green) responded differently to AMPEP dipping. The changes in total antioxidant activity followed almost the same trend as in phenolic content, in both K. alvarezii (tambalang purple) and K. striatum (sacol green), whereas, the iron chelating ability of both seaweeds with and without AMPEP dipping varied monthly. The results obtained for the use of AMPEP dips for commercial Kappaphycus cultivation
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