This paper reconsiders Benner's book From Novice to Expert, in which the expert is portrayed as a reflective practitioner who works intuitively, drawing almost unconsciously on a repertoire of context-specific paradigm cases. In the light of more recent writings on informal, practice-based theory, it is suggested that there is a sixth level beyond expertise which is characterized by mindful practice and informal theory building. At this level, the practitioner constructs informal theory out of practice, applies that theory back into practice, and reflexively modifies the theory as a result of the changed clinical situation. Seen in this way, theory and practice are two parts of the same process, and the theory-practice gap is closed.
Traditional security is not a major concern for Pacific Island countries and has not been for at last 50 years. Instead, the region has for some time identified non-traditional issues, especially relating to the environment and resources, as among those that could affect the security of its members, collectively and individually. Non-traditional security issues in this region are generally externally imposed. These vulnerabilities are generally beyond the ability of individual states to control or mitigate. As a result, there is little need for conflict and a considerable reliance on cooperative processes to resolve the issues. The main arena for resolving issues is the Pacific Islands Forum (until recently, the South Pacific Forum). Forum decisions are based on consensus decision making in which standard setting and norm-based behavior have taken root. There are signs, though, that as issues of traditional "high politics" become more salient within the region, consensus could become strained.
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