In an ECSC project several aspects of tramp element control in steel were studied by a group of steel producers and research institutes in the European Union. Upgrading of incinerator scrap and shredded automobile and consumer durable scrap was realised through size and density separation and by pre-dismantling and sorting of goods before shredding. Removal of tin from tinplate by pre-treatment with reactive gases was investigated. A dezincing process was developed by dissolution of the zinc-alloy layer in caustic soda followed by electrochemical deposition of zinc. Results of laboratory scale trials showed that generation of high mass transfer between the phases metalslag-gas as well as vacuum distillation of the solute elements influencing the evaporation rate can remove copper and zinc from steel melts. A mass balance for the distribution of zinc and lead between metal, slag and dust during scrap melting in an EAF was established. Additional sponge iron charging is a very efficient measure to lower zinc and lead content due to the CO boiling effect during melting. Schrottrecycling zurHerstellung hochwertiger Stahlprodukte. In einem EGKS-Gemeinschaftsprojekt wurden von einigen Stahlerzeugern und Forschungsinstituten der EU verschiedene Aspekte der Einstellung von Begleitelementen im Stahl untersucht. Die Verbesserung der Schrottqualitat durch Schrottaufbereitung wurde an MOliverbrennungsschrott, an Automobil-Shredder-Schrott und an verschrotteten VerbrauchsgOtern durch GroBen-und Dichte-Trennung sowie durch Vordemontage und Sortieren dokumentiert. Die Moglichkeiten zur Entfernung von Zinn auf WeiBblech dutch Vorbehandlung mit reaktiven Gasen wurde erforscht. FOr die Entzinkung von Stahlband wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, wonach die Zinklegierung zunachst in heiBer Lauge gelost und das Zink anschlieBend elektrochemisch abgeschieden wird. In Laborversuchen konnte zur Entfernung von Kupfer und Zink aus Stahlschmelzen gezeigt werden, daB ein hoher Massenstrom zwischen den Phasen Metall, Schlacke und Gas und auch eine Vakuumdestillation zu einem verbesserten StoffObergang der gelosten Elemente fOhren. FOr das Schrottschmelzen im Lichtbogenofen wurde eine Massenbilanz fOr die Verteilung der Elemente Zink und Blei zwischen Metall, Schlacke und Abgasstaub aufgestellt. Zusatze von Eisenschwamm beim Schrottschmelzen stellen aufgrund der CO-Entwicklung beim Einschmelzen eine wirkungsvolle MaBnahme zur Verringerung der Zink-und Bleigehalte dar.
Production capacity and the structure of steel production in the EU are reviewed in the context of the EU enlargement of May 2004 and compared with the global steel market. The energy and raw material supply situation (ore, coke, scrap, DRI) is discussed, together with price developments in areas such as transport costs and the effects of the National Allocation Plans for CO 2 on competitiveness. Strategies for CO 2 mitigation may involve use of hydrogen for direct reduction, as well as increased resource utilisation and energy efficiency. Technical developments in ironmaking and continuous casting are briefly surveyed. Collaborative research and product innovations will be vital in responding to global challenges.
A survey is given on the current state of direct reduction and smelting reduction processes. Several developments, such as coal injection, top‐gas recycling etc., contribute to decrease the coke consumption in the blast furnace. Coal‐based as well as gas‐based direct reduction processes have not succeeded in Western Europe. These processes have only attracted economical interest in locations where there is a cheap source of energy. Other developments to reduce iron ore are concerned with the direct production of liquid iron in a smelting reduction process with a substantial part of the reduction taking place in the liquid oxide phase. The ideal concept of a smelting reduction process with direct use of fine ore and coal as well as only liquid state reduction to a liquid product similar to steel has not yet been realized.
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