Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become an emerging issue in the developing countries as well as in Bangladesh. AMR is aggravated by irrational use of antimicrobials in a largely unregulated pluralistic health system. This review presents a 'snap shot' of the current situation including existing policies and practices to address AMR, and the challenges and barriers associated with their implementation. Methods A systematic approach was adopted for identifying, screening, and selecting relevant literature on AMR situation in Bangladesh. We used Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Biomed Central databases for searching peer-reviewed literature in human, animal and environment sectors during January 2010-August 2019, and Google for grey materials from the institutional and journal websites. Two members of the study team independently reviewed these documents for inclusion in the analysis. We used a 'mixed studies review' method for synthesizing evidences from different studies. Result Of the final 47 articles, 35 were primary research, nine laboratory-based research, two review papers and one situation analysis report. Nineteen articles on human health dealt with prescribing and/or use of antimicrobials, five on self-medication, two on non-compliance of dosage, and 10 on the sensitivity and resistance patterns of antibiotics. Four papers focused on the use of antimicrobials in food animals and seven on environmental

Background The dynamic intersection of a pluralistic health system, large informal sector, and poor regulatory environment have provided conditions favourable for ‘corruption’ in the LMICs of south and south-east Asia region. ‘Corruption’ works to undermine the UHC goals of achieving equity, quality, and responsiveness including financial protection, especially while delivering frontline health care services. This scoping review examines current situation regarding health sector corruption at frontlines of service delivery in this region, related policy perspectives, and alternative strategies currently being tested to address this pervasive phenomenon. Methods A scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was conducted, using three search engines i.e., PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar. A total of 15 articles and documents on corruption and 18 on governance were selected for analysis. A PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was filled-in to complete this report. Data were extracted using a pre-designed template and analysed by ‘mixed studies review’ method. Results Common types of corruption like informal payments, bribery and absenteeism identified in the review have largely financial factors as the underlying cause. Poor salary and benefits, poor incentives and motivation, and poor governance have a damaging impact on health outcomes and the quality of health care services. These result in high out-of-pocket expenditure, erosion of trust in the system, and reduced service utilization. Implementing regulations remain constrained not only due to lack of institutional capacity but also political commitment. Lack of good governance encourage frontline health care providers to bend the rules of law and make centrally designed anti-corruption measures largely in-effective. Alternatively, a few bottom-up community-engaged interventions have been tested showing promising results. The challenge is to scale up the successful ones for measurable impact. Conclusions Corruption and lack of good governance in these countries undermine the delivery of quality essential health care services in an equitable manner, make it costly for the poor and disadvantaged, and results in poor health outcomes. Traditional measures to combat corruption have largely been ineffective, necessitating the need for innovative thinking if UHC is to be achieved by 2030.

Key words: SLE; cutaneous; ChittagongDOI: 10.3329/jcmcta.v21i1.7668 Journal of Chittagong Medical College Teachers' Association 2010: 21(1):34-39

Introduction: Mental health is a highly stigmatized topic in Bangladesh. University students are one of the susceptible groups who are experiencing mental health problems. Different studies conducted among undergraduate student in different part of South Asia revealed that they are suffering from psychological morbidity. Aim: This study aims to identify the major mental health problems that students face due to academic factors. Objective: To determine the proportion of undergraduate students who are facing mental health problems and to identify factors related to academic life that are associated with mental health problems. Method:The study was conducted among newly admitted students who have completed one semester using cross sectional design. Simple random sampling was used to select sample. Sample size was 150. Data were collected through face to face interview using self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Result: Result of the study revealed that most of the university students commonly experienced anxiety due to academic reason. Among the respondents, 24% of the students experienced both anxiety and depressive episodes. 60% students experienced anxiety, depression and panic episodes, 12% students experienced only anxiety episodes and 4% don't have any mental episodes. The most frequently reported pressurizing academic factors were assignment & exam workload and the obligation of getting good grade. Conclusion: Undergraduate university students experienced different mental episodes at different point of time due to academic pressure.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.