World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that PCOS has affected 116 million women (3.4%) worldwide in 2012 . Globally, prevalence estimates of PCOS are highly variable, ranging from 2.2% to as high as 26%. In India, experts claim 10% of the women to be affected by PCOS and yet no proper published statistical data on the prevalence of PCOS in India is available. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine metabolic disorder characterized by multiple hormonal imbalances representing diverse clinical presentations dominated by clinical and biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism which results in short and long term consequences in female health. A defect of the ovarian cells (most likely theca cells) is the underlying cause of PCOS, resulting in excessive androgen synthesis and the clinical and biochemical symptoms of the disease. In the literature, reference is made to the participation of genetic factors, including ethnicity; there is a higher frequency of PCOS in Spanish, Native American and Mexican women. The patient seeks a dermatology consultation for one or more complaints like acne, hirsutism, alopecia, acanthosis nigricans, skin tags and occasionally, darkening of complexion with weight gain. . If irregular menstrual cycles or primary infertility are the main complaints, the patient may consult a gynaecologist. Polycystic ovaries found on ultrasound scanning will often have no clinical effects, but PCOS is the most common diagnosis made in women presenting with amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea or heavy, irregular and prolonged periods. It is the commonest cause of hirsutism and of infertility due to anovulation. Women with PCOS have increased concentrations of circulating androgens and there is a marked association with insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, obesity, gestational diabetes, type 2 diabetes and heart disease
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by an RNA virus in wild and domestic mammals, birds and ticks. It is the family of Bunyaviridae from Arbovirus group. The main vector and reservoir of CCHF virus are hard-body ticks principally of the Hyalommagenus. The Hyalomma tick bite infection has the highest rate of nosocomial transmission especially due to direct human to human contact .India reported its first CCHF case in the year 2011 from Ahmadabad, Gujarat. Since then, several sporadic cases and outbreaks of CCHF have been reported the most from Gujarat and few from Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh States of India .Animals do not show clinical signs but may act as a source of infection for humans. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans either by direct contact with blood or tissue of infected animal. Laboratory tests used to diagnose CCHF include reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), antibody (IgG, IgM) and antigen-capture ELISA, and isolation of virus. Ribavirin acts as effective anti-viral agent against CCHFV by inhibiting its replication. Supportive therapy including the administration of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and fresh frozen plasma acts as an important strategy to control CCHF at an early stage. potential, high case fatality ratio (10-40%), and difficulties in
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease. The hallmark of the disease is exocrinopathy, which often results in dryness of the mouth and eyes, fatigue, and joint pain. These three symptoms are present in more than 80% of the patients with this disease and have a major effect on quality of life, primarily because of disabling fatigue, with associated loss of work productivityThe global prevalence calculated for the rarer pSS is 61 per 100 000 inhabitants. The patients’ quality of life is reduced by the diverse manifestations of the disease. Pharmacists can help SjS(Sjögren’s Syndrome) patients improve their quality of life.
Stem cells are defined as cells that have clonogenic and self-renewing capabilities and differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Stem cells are found in all of us, from the early stages of human development to the end of life. According to differentiation potential stem cells are divided into 5 types: totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent and unipotent. They are vital to the development, growth, maintenance, and repair of our brains, bones, muscles, nerves, blood, skin, and other organs. Stem cell therapy is emerging as a potentially revolution ary new way to treat disease and injury, with wide-ranging medical benefits. Stem cell research presents many ethical and scientific questions as well as future challenges. Stem cell therapy, a prologue to an era of medical discovery of cell-based therapies that will one day restore function to those whose lives are now challenged every day, is still at the beginning of the road. . Stem cells have great potential in tissue regeneration and repair but much still needs to be learned about their biology, manipulation and safety before their full therapeutic potential can be achieved.
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease. It is caused by mutations in the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene on chromosome 7 that codes for a protein transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein which functions as a transmembrane cAMP-activated chloride channel. CFTR also affects other ion channels, most notably blocking the influx of sodium into the cell through the epithelial sodium channel. The CFTR abnormality has been shown to produce a number of changes in the airway, including acidification and decreased water and ion transit. A pulmonary exacerbation of CF is usually identified by an increase in cough and sputum and a decrease in pulmonary function. Disease manifests in many organs, but most notably the upper and lower airways, pancreas, bowel, and reproductive tracts. Pulmonary function testing is a major tool for evaluating and monitoring disease state and progression in CF. Spirometry is the commonly used pulmonary function test. Management of CF requires good nutrition and appropriate supplementation of vitamins and pancreatic enzymes. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation recommends the following treatments as having a high certainty of substantial net benefit, grade A, for moderate-to-severe disease: inhaled tobramycin, dornasealfa, ivacaftor, and inhaled aztreonam. Preventing or treating intestinal blockages—oral rehydration and osmotic laxatives (incomplete blockage) and hyperosmolar contrast enemas (complete DIOS). Antibiotics are the major components of CF treatment and are administered chronically (e.g. inhaled antibiotics, macrolides used for their immunomodulatory properties) or intermittently to prevent, eradicate, control or treat respiratory infections. Lumacaftor (200 mg) + ivacaftor (125 mg), Orkambi, is the first approved CFTR corrector and potentiator combination therapy. Keywords:
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