In many earlier studies, argon-steel flows in ladle shrouds have been mathematically modeled via the discrete phase modelling (DPM) approach assuming a bubbly liquid flow. Similarly, in several physicals model investigations, oversimplified shroud-collector plate nozzle geometry, having little or no similarity with the actual, has been considered. To assess these critically, industrial teeming practices, from ladle to tundish, have been reviewed and experimental results derived from two, full scale, PERSPEX models of ladle shroud presented. It is shown that bubbly flow in shroud is encountered only at very low gas-liquid loading ratio (i.e., Q g /Q l -0.02 or so), much smaller than those typically practiced in the industry. Simplification of shroud geometry and consideration of direct injection of gas onto a falling liquid are undesirable as these distort results from physical model investigations.
The pulverized coal injection (PCI) is pursued to reduce the hot metal production cost by replacing the expensive metallurgical coke with the non-coking coal. Increasing the PCI rate causes various difficulties in the blast furnace (BF) operation. In the present work, an attempt is made to review the various aspects of PC injection in BF such as the challenges with increasing the PCI rate and modifications in the injection system to circumvent the concerns related to higher PCI rate. Various methods for detecting the tuyere blockage and failure caused due to the high PCI rate are elaborated. The factors influencing the combustion of coal in front of tuyeres have been discussed and their impact in the replacement ratio has been discussed. Further, recommendations are made to improve the coal combustibility in front of tuyeres.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.