IMPORTANCE Several studies have examined the role of warfarin in preventing strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation and end-stage renal disease; however, the results remain inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To assess recently published studies to examine the outcomes of the use of warfarin among patients with atrial fibrillation and end-stage renal disease. DATA SOURCES A literature search was performed using the terms warfarin and atrial fibrillation and end-stage renal disease and warfarin and atrial fibrillation and dialysis in the MEDLINE, Embase,

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Evaluation of stroke etiology is an important aspect of stroke care affecting secondary prevention measures. Despite recent advances in diagnostic testing, determining the stroke etiology can remain a challenging task particularly for less common causes of stroke such as mitral annular calcification. This case will review the benefit of histopathological clot evaluation after thrombectomy to identify uncommon causes of embolic stroke which may change management.

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