Construction sector has always been dependent on manpower with most of the activities being labour intensive. Project productivity, thus, depends directly on productivity of labour. Enhancing labour productivity would contribute to overall success of the project. In order to improve labour productivity, associated factors need due consideration. Total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) is implemented as a methodology for identifying and summarizing relationships among factors which affect productivity of labour. 10 most significant factors negatively affecting construction labour productivity are considered for developing model that establishes interpretive relationship among these factors. The result shows that material shortages, tool/equipment shortages, drawing & specification alterations during execution and working seven days per week without holiday have strong driving power and weak dependence power and are at the lowest level in hierarchy in the TISM model. Lack of labour surveillance and lack of labour experience have strong driving and strong dependence power. Top management of the project must stress on variables having high driving power so as to facilitate improvement in the overall productivity of construction site.
Heritage structures perform vital role in nation's history, culture and signify the richness of it. To augment life and enhance strength, their restoration is very important for the future generations to have knowledge about how mankind lived in past ages. Restoration involves investigating, diagnosing and correcting deficiencies and deterioration of any structure. Identification of common defects and problems faced in old structures and devising a systematic approach towards handling these issues is civil engineer's obligation. A case study throws light on the various problems encountered and the methods employed to tackle them. This paper focuses on such problems and methodology to handle these problems while respecting structure's cultural integrity with the help of a case study. It also seeks to highlight the need for a greater awareness and the need to take precautionary measures of the immediate effects, and of the long-term management issues of heritage structures.
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