We previously established safety and immunogenicity of a p53 synthetic long peptides (p53-SLP V R ) vaccine. In the current trial, we investigated whether combination of interferon-alpha (IFN-a) with p53-SLP V R is both safe and able to improve the induced p53-specific IFN-c response. Eleven colorectal cancer patients successfully treated for metastatic disease were enrolled in this study. Of these, nine patients completed follow-up after two injections with p53-SLP V R together with IFN-a. Safety and p53-specific immune responses were determined before and after vaccination. Furthermore, cryopreserved PBMCs were compared head-to-head to cryopreserved PBMCs obtained in our previous trial with p53-SLP V R only. Toxicity of p53-SLP V R vaccination in combination with IFN-a was limited to Grade 1 or 2, with predominantly small ongoing swellings at the vaccination site. All patients harbored p53-specific T cells after vaccination and most patients showed p53-specific antibodies. Compared to the previous trial, addition of IFN-a significantly improved the frequency of p53-specific T cells in IFN-c ELISPOT. Moreover, in this trial, p53-specific T cells were detectable in blood samples of all patients in a direct ex vivo multiparameter flowcytometric assay, opposed to only 2 of 10 patients vaccinated with p53-SLP V R only. Finally, patients in this trial displayed a broader p53-specific immunoglobulin-G response, indicating an overall better p53-specific T-helper response. Our study shows that p53-SLP V R vaccination combined with IFN-a injection is safe and capable of inducing p53-specific immunity. When compared to a similar trial with p53-SLP V R vaccination alone the combination was found to induce significantly more IFN-c producing p53-specific T cells.The modest to poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients treated with curative intent, calls for additional treatment modalities such as immunotherapy.1 p53 is one of the most frequently used tumor-associated antigens in tumor directed vaccination studies. 2 Because of a mutation, p53 is inactivated and overexpressed in 34-45% of colorectal tumors, while
plained best by referring to the so-called bathtub curve, Figure 1(a). The curve describes the development of the number of failures per unit of time, the failure rate λ(t), according to the age of the component. This bathtub curve describes the failure rate of the power components discussed in the case studies. The shape of the failure rate curve in region I is characterized by a decrease, indicating failures in early life. The so called useful life (II), in the restricted time region, shows a constant failure T
: The current power cables IEC standards do not provide adequate recommendations for after-laying testing and diagnosis of offshore export and inter-array power cables. However the standards IEEE 400 and IEEE 400.4 recommend partial discharge monitored testing, e.g., by continuous or damped AC voltages (DAC). Based on the international experiences, as collected in more than 20 years at different power grids, this contribution focuses on the use of DAC for after-laying testing and diagnosis of submarine power cables both the export and inter-array cables. Higher risk of failure, long unavailability, higher repair costs, and maintenance costs imply that advanced quality control is becoming more important. The current state of the existing and drafting international standards are based on onshore experiences and not related to the actual serious problems experienced with failures on export up to 230 kV and inter-array cables up to 66 kV. The application of damped AC as a testing solution in this concern is specially discussed. The advantages of this testing technique, in combination with actual testing examples, show the findings on export and inter-array cables at offshore wind farms.
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