Loss of teeth is frequently associated with periodontal disease in older adults. The aim of this review was to present the effects of aging on the periodontal tissues. Aging alone does not lead to critical loss of periodontal attachment in healthy elderly persons. The effects of aging on periodontal tissues are based on molecular changes in the periodontal cells, which intensify bone loss in elderly patients with periodontitis. These effects may be associated with (1) alterations in differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts; (2) an increase in periodontal cell response to the oral microbiota and mechanical stress leading to the secretion of cytokines involved in osseous resorption; and (3) systemic endocrine alterations in the elderly people.

In SDN, forwarding devices can only operate correctly while connected to a logically centralized controller. To avoid single-point-of-failure, controller architectures are usually implemented as distributed systems. In this context, recent literature identified fundamental issues, such as device isolation and controller overload, and proposed controller placement strategies to tackle them. However, current proposals have crucial limitations: (i) device-controller connectivity is modeled using single paths, yet in practice multiple concurrent connections may occur; (ii) peaks in the arrival of new flows are only handled on-demand, assuming that the network itself can sustain high request rates; and (iii) failover mechanisms require predefined information, which, in turn, has been overlooked. This paper proposes Survivor, a controller placement strategy that addresses these challenges. The strategy explicitly considers path diversity, capacity, and failover mechanisms at network design. Comparisons to the state-of-the-art on survivable controller placement show that Survivor is superior because (a) path diversity increases the survivability significantly; and (b) capacity-awareness is essential to handle overload during both normal and failover states.

In orthognathic surgery, Le Fort I osteotomy is one of the most often used methods for the correction of dental-facial deformities and is considered technically safe. However, this procedure may lead to diverse complications, including uncommon vascular complications. A clinical case is described of late development of pseudoaneurysm in one of the branches of the maxillary artery in a 20-year-old patient who had undergone Le Fort I osteotomy, bilateral sagittal osteotomy of mandibular branch, and mentoplasty and subsequently treated with embolization. The main forms of treating vascular injuries are reviewed, and embolization is demonstrated to be a technically safe procedure with few complications.

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These OTs are uncommon lesions in world population, and malignant OTs are very rare. The relative frequency of different kinds of OTs, the age, and the sex distribution show a marked geographic variation in incidence of those lesions. This was particularly notable in the ameloblastomas and odontoma, with the incidences being relatively well and weighted showing similar values to an average when compared with previous studies.

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