The APROSYS in-depth database is a compilation of 70 detailed pedestrian and cyclist or 'VRU' (Vulnerable Road User) accident cases from around Europe. This paper presents a descriptive statistical analysis of the sample data, including impact speeds, road conditions, vehicle make and model, VRU age and gender, side struck, head impact location points on the vehicle and specific injuries sustained. Comparisons are made with British and European epidemiology where available. Also, the relationships between variables such as impact speed and injury severity are discussed together with a comparison between different injury severity scoring systems.
Computer models of pedestrian humanoids and detailed vehicle models have been developed to simulate real world pedestrian accidents. The purpose of this modelling is to enable the Ford Forschungszentrum Aachen (FFA) to design, develop and evaluate pedestrian safety technologies under more realistic conditions than the proposed European legislation in order to improve pedestrian safety. LS-DYNA3D has been used to provide an extensive range of modelling possibilities. This paper introduces the humanoid modelling concept created by the FFA, developed by Cranfield Impact Centre (CIC) and being used by the FFA to simulate real world pedestrian accidents. During the initial programme stages the available literature has been used to define the joint, limb and the material characteristics of these models. Whole humanoid verification and validation will be an integral part of the development process.
Car occupants are particularly prone to injuries during side impact accidents. The major reason for this is the considerably inferiorimpact characteristic of the side of the car when compared to that of thefront. Means o f reducing the vulnerability of the occupant can be assessed most flcfcntly by computer simulations where there are no problems of repeatability. Provided the simulation techniques used are validated their predictions can be relied upon to provide accurate design guidance. This paper describes the use of previously developed techniques whereby components of the side of a car were tested to assess their properties and so enable a baseline model to be set up for structural simulations using the CRASH-D finite element program Simulations to determine the kinematics of the car occupant were also set up using the Calspan CVS program and an APROD dummy model. The effects of changing component properties or addingfurther components to the structural model were then assessed not only by their infuence on the overall intrusion resistance of the car but also by their infuence on the kinematics of the occupant and the likely level of his injuries. 31/85 (Q IMtchE 1985 0265-1904/85 $2.00 + .05
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