This study investigated disturbances in body image perception with anorexic, obese and control groups (N = 24). Each group was comprised of 8 female subjects matched for age. An original silhouette chart and chi squares were employed, and a significant difference was found among the groups in the perception of the present‐self body image (χ2 (8) = 24.19, p < .01), body image at plus 10 pounds (χ2 (6) = 27.63, p < .01), and body image at minus 10 pounds (χ2 (8) = 26.05, p < .01). No differences among the groups appeared in perceived ideal‐self body image or in their perception of the body image that was expected from their families. A directional trend was noted in anorexic overestimation and obese underestimation on the total concept of body image. Significant differences among the groups as judged via a semantic differential technique were found for personality descriptions of happy/sad, active/passive, popular/unpopular, effective/ineffective, competent/incompetent, smart/stupid, and cold/warm.
Parent Effectiveness Training (PET) has become a popular approach for educating parents in child-rearing practices. PET is based, in part, upon the teachings of Carl Rogers and trains parents in listening techniques, communication skills, and child-parent problem solving. This paper summarizes and critically evaluates the research literature regarding the effects of PET on parents and their children. The existing research was judged by the authors as limited in scope and inadequate in design. Specifically problems regarding random assignment of subjects to groups, a relative lack of objective behavioral measures, inappropriate statistical methods, absent or inappropriate control conditions, and a lack of follow ups typify the research. Over-all, the effectiveness of PET as a prevention or intervention strategy was not supported.
To examine the effects of three modes of nursing attire on the behaviors, e.g., aggressive behavior, leaving the unit against medical advice, of psychiatric inpatients, nurses were clad in white uniforms for 6 wk., then in street clothes for 6 wk., optional dress for 6 wk., street clothes for 3 wk., white uniforms for 3 wk., and optional dress for 3 wk. Data from each mode were combined, yielding three experimental conditions. Results showed the greatest rates of maladaptive behaviors occurred during the white uniforms condition followed by the optional and street clothes conditions, respectively. An explanation of this outcome based upon patient's expectations was presented.
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