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A new synthetic route to the covalent bonding of an organic monolayer bearing terminal phosphorylcholine (PC) groups onto the surface of silicon oxide is reported; such monolayers prohibit the deposition of enzymes and proteins and can be used to improve surface biocompatibility.

SummaryThis Review reports the more recent applications of radiohalogen labelling in organic compounds. Modern synthetic methods place more emphasis upon substitution at specific sites. Electrophilic substitution, especially at aromatic carbon atoms, involves displacement of halogen or of metals rather than the earlier popular halogen-deprotiation processes. Nucleophilic displacement, at either aliphatic or aromatic sites, has also become widespread since it may be made more selective by the inclusion of appropriate activating groups or suitable displaced groups. Microwave and thermally induced methods are both reported with a critical assessment of the value of each process.