The Indian poultry market is estimated to have an annual growth rate of 8.1% as of today. However, infectious diseases in poultry pose an important constraint in the growth and development of this sector in our region. Among infectious diseases, viral diseases of poultry pose a serious threat to the poultry industry from an economic point of view. Several viral disease outbreaks have been reported by various researchers from different parts of the country. Among the common viral diseases of poultry, incidences of Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza, Fowl Pox, Infectious Bursal Disease, Marek’s disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Infectious Laryngotracheitis and Inclusion Body Hepatitis are significant in Assam as well as other parts of India. Thorough epidemiological studies followed by the identification of different serotypes, pathotypes, strains, etc. by genotyping and molecular characterization of viral disease pathogens may lead to ways to control and eradicate the diseases. Importance should be given to maintaining basic preventive measures like biosecurity, farm hygiene, and proper vaccination. In a developing country like India, disease outbreaks can impact the country’s economy. In this study, a brief view of the common viral disease of poultry and its diagnosis and control strategies in Assam, India is depicted. However, this review well indicates a plethora of avian diseases that have occurred over the years causing a severe impact on poultry farming as a whole.
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry causing significant economic losses worldwide. Vaccination is considered the most reliable approach to curb the economic menace that is ND, but the thermolabile nature of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination poses a significant threat to its protective efficacy. This study aimed to profile the thermostability of NDV isolates from duck (As/Km/19/44) and parrot (As/WB/19/91) and evaluate their immunogenic potential in chicks. Fusion protein cleavage site (FPCS) and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the lentogenic nature of both the isolates/strains and classified them as class II genotype II NDV. The characterized NDV isolates were adapted in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks by serially passaging. Biological pathogenicity assessment of chicken-adapted As/Km/19/44 (PSD44C) and As/WB/19/91 (PSP91C) revealed both the isolates to be avirulent with a mean death time (MDT) of more than 90 h and an intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) ranging from 0.2 to 0.4. Both of the NDV isolates displayed varied thermostability profiles. PSD44C was the most thermostable strain as compared to PSP91C and the commercially available LaSota vaccine strain. The immunogenicity of PSD44C and LaSota was significantly higher than PSP91C. Based on these results, it is concluded that NDV isolate PSD44C is more thermostable and immunogenic when administered intraocularly without any adverse effects. Therefore, PSD44C is suitable for further research and vaccine development.
Since times immemorial, mosquito borne diseases have proved to be a great menace to the human population. Their severe clinical manifestations and high mortality contribute to their deadly status. Japanese encephalitis (JE), is one such mosquito borne viral disease mainly prevalent in Southeast Asia including India, particularly in the state of Assam. It mainly affects the central nervous system, resulting in various neurological and locomotor disorders and change in mental status. Seizures are also observed, although they are more common in children. JE is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family, transmitted by a Culicine mosquito, Culex tritaeniorynchus. Pigs are considered to be the amplifier hosts. Throughout the years, JE has become endemic in many districts of Assam affecting many lives in the outbreaks that occur each year, more particularly in the rural and agricultural areas. Assam’s climactic conditions, agricultural habits and patterns, and the lifestyle of its population play a major role in the epidemiology of the disease. With the establishment of JE surveillance and vaccination programmes by the government, the JE incidence rate has decreased. However, outbreaks of JE still continue to occur, often with serious complications and a high mortality. This concise review article gives a short summarization of Japanese encephalitis along with its history, epidemiology, vector and host biology, pathology, clinical observations and immunoprophylaxis with respect to the state of Assam, India.
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