Artículo de publicación ISIThe increasing interest in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into microgrids presents major challenges from the viewpoints of reliable operation and control. In this paper, the major issues and challenges in microgrid control are discussed, and a review of state-of-the-art control strategies and trends is presented; a general overview of the main control principles (e.g., droop control, model predictive control, multi-agent systems) is also included. The paper classifies microgrid control strategies into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary, where primary and secondary levels are associated with the operation of the microgrid itself, and tertiary level pertains to the coordinated operation of the microgrid and the host grid. Each control level is discussed in detail in view of the relevant existing technical literature

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Expansion planning models are often used to support investment decisions in the power sector. Towards the massive insertion of renewable energy sources, expansion planning of energy storage systems (SEP-Storage Expansion Planning) is becoming more popular. However, to date, there is no clear overview of the available SEP models in the literature. To shed light on the existing approaches, this review paper presents a broad classification of SEP, which is used to analyze a database of about 90 publications to identify trends and challenges. The trends we found are that while SEP was born more than four decades ago, only in the last five years increasing research efforts were put into the topic. The planning has evolved from adequacy criteria to broader targets, such as direct costs, mitigation of CO2 emissions, and renewable integration. The modeling of the network, power system, energy storage systems (ESS), and time resolution are becoming more detailed. Uncertainty is often considered and the solution methods are still very diverse. As outstanding challenges, we found that (1) the large diversity of ESS, in contrast to conventional generation technologies, and (2) the complex lifetime and efficiency functions need to be addressed in the models. (3) Only a high temporal and spatial resolution will allow for dimensioning the challenge of integrating renewables and the role of ESS. (4) Although the value of ESS lies beyond shifting energy in time, current SEP is mostly blind to other system services. (5) Today, many flexibility options are available, but they are often assessed separately. In the same line, although cross-sectorial (power, heat, transport, water) SEP is becoming more frequent, there are many open tasks towards an integrated coordination. The planning of future energy systems will be multi-sectorial and multi-objective, consider the multi-services of ESS, and will inherently require interdisciplinary efforts.

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A novel energy management system for a renewable based microgrid is proposed. It provides on-line set points for each generation unit, operation modes for a water supply system, and signals for consumers based on a demand side management mechanism. The smart microgrid is composed of photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine, a diesel generator, a battery bank, and a water supply system. The energy management system (EMS) minimizes the operational costs while supplying the water and electric load demands. It considers a two days ahead prediction of the weather conditions. Also, a neural network for a two days ahead electric consumption forecasting is designed. The system is implemented and tested using a real data set from a reference location. Results show the economic sense of the set points and management, for a practical implementation of the system in a specific location in Chile.Index Terms-Energy management system, demand side management, microgrid, wind turbine, photovoltaic panels, neural networks.978-1-4244-9894-9/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE

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