The use of saline water negatively affects gas exchange and plant growth. However, fertilization with a mineral source has been used to mitigate salt stress on agricultural crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange and the initial growth of cowpea beans submitted to different irrigation strategies with saline water and phosphate fertilization. The experiment was conducted from October to December 2019, in full sun in the experimental area belonging to the Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (UNILAB), Redenção, CE, Brazil. The experimental design was entirely randomized in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, referring to four irrigation strategies: E1 = irrigation with low-salinity water (0.3 dS m -1 ) at germination, initial growth, and preflowering stages; E2 = saline water (3.2 dS m -1 ) at preflowering only; E3 = saline water (3.2 dS m -1 ) on germination and initial growth; E4 = saline water (3.2 dS m -1 ) in the three phases, and two doses of phosphate fertilization (P1 = 50% of the recommended phosphorus dose and P2 = 100% of the recommended phosphorus dose), with four repetitions. Continuous salt stress in phenological phases negatively affects plant height, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and leaf temperature of the cowpea crop. The dose of 100% phosphate fertilization mitigates the effects of continuous salt stress on chlorophyll pigment production.
The foramen magnum is an opening located at the base of the skull, more specifically in the occipital bone, and it has a remarkable anatomical significance, as many important structures, such as nerves, arteries and the medulla oblongata, pass through it. A small, large or asymmetric foramen magnum can end up causing clinical complications, such as compression, or increasing the risk of herniation. By becoming aware of the most frequent sizes and shapes in the population, it also becomes easier to detect diseases that change its morphology, such as achondroplasia, which makes it smaller, and Chiari I and II malformations, which makes it larger. In this study, we aim to observe gender‐related anatomical differences of the foramen magnum and report the frequency of the most commonly observed shapes. To achieve this, we studied the morphometry of the foramen magnum in 40 skulls. Anteroposterior and transverse length measurements were manually obtained with the aid of a digital caliper. Digital images were used to analyze the shapes of each available foramen magnum, which were then subdivided according to the following categories: oval, diamond, hexagon, egg‐shaped, pentagon and round. The differentiation between male and female was based on sexual dimorphism, using anatomical landmarks as a reference. The results obtained showed that among the 40 skulls observed, 32 were male and 8 were female. Our study revealed a statistically significant (p=0.0462) sex‐related difference between the anteroposterior diameters of the foramina, which is often larger in men and smaller in women. In contrast, the transverse diameter was not statistically significant. As for the shapes, 39 were analyzed: 12 (30.76%) of them in oval shape, 10 (25.64%) in diamond shape, 8 (20.51%) in hexagon shape, 4 (10.25%) in egg shape, 3 (7.69%) in pentagon shape and 2 (5.12%) in round shape. Therefore, we conclude that the anteroposterior length of the foramen magnum can be used as a tool to help differentiate between skulls of different sexes for academic and forensic purposes. Knowledge of the most common possible shapes for the foramen magnum can also be an important predictor, useful for clinical and anatomical knowledge. The data obtained has potential use in forensic techniques, in addition to providing information on variations in the Brazilian population.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.