New technologies are constantly being developed in order to collect information of surfaces or solids for diverse purposes. Some classic methods such as topography and terrestrial photogrammetry have had a great evolution in the past. For example, all the processes of the terrestrial photogrammetry are made in digital way and the Total Stations have automated the measurements of angles and distances. This technical evolution made the surveying faster and accurate, increasing the productivity. However this evolution does not stop for there; in other words, the last technology in the area of topography is the surveying with the system known as Laser Scanner 3D. The Laser Scanner technology 3D has a lot of applications such as: tunnel, as-built, mining (mainly in the underground); archaeology (for restore monuments), refineries, industrial installations, etc., characterized by the great complexity of the involved elements. This work presents concepts involved in all the processes, since from data collection to the final product. It develops a methodology of use that can be applied in several areas, with emphasis in tunnels surveying area and presents some tests to quantization the accuracy.
Resumo:Apresenta-se a aplicação da tecnologia Laser Scanner 3D terrestre ao levantamento do túnel de adutora, escavado em rocha. Depois de apresentar o local, é descrito o problema, que consiste no levantamento preciso do túnel para identificar e coletar dados para quantificar alterações na sua secção transversal com relação à secção prevista em projeto, para a posterior correção desses defeitos. São resumidos os principais métodos possíveis de levantamento, listando prós e contras de cada um. A seguir mostram-se os fundamentos dessa tecnologia de levantamento bem como a metodologia dos trabalhos de campo e de escritório, incluindo o cálculo das coordenadas dos pontos do túnel. Finaliza-se com o controle de qualidade e uma avaliação do método, indicando seus pontos fortes comparado com outras metodologias. Palavras-chaves: Laser Scanner 3D; Levantamento de túneis; Metodologia de campo e de cálculo de levantamentos laser scanner; Controle de qualidade de levantamentos laser scanner. Abstract:The application of a 3D laser scanning technology to the terrestrial survey of the water pipeline tunnel excavated in rock is presented. After identifying the place, we present the problem, which is the precise surveying of the tunnel to identify and collect data to quantify differences in the cross section of the tunnel with respect to the section provided in the project, for the correction of these defects. The main possible methods of survey, listing pros and cons of each one are summarized. In the sequence are shown the basis of this survey technology as well as the methodology of fieldwork and office, including the calculation of the coordinates of the points of the tunnel. The paper ends with the quality control and evaluation of the method, indicating its strengths compared to other methodologies.
RESUMO O presente trabalho apresenta alguns conceitos e diversas aplicações da tecnologia Laser Scan 3D (LS3D) para o levantamento de monumentos, peças de museu e esculturas, visando a obtenção de modelos, maquetes virtuais, filmes, exposições virtuais e maquetes em resina. Complementa-se, em alguns casos, com os levantamentos aerofotogramétricos com drone e situa-se na área que vem sendo conhecida como realidade virtual ou realidade aumentada.
The Terrestrial Laser Scanner (LST) has been used for different topographic applications. Although difficult to reach or without direct visibility from the equipment (top of structures and roofs of ruins), they can be made unfeasible or raised, because several regions are not raised. Alternatively, and especially the complementation of surveys, an aerial backup can be performed using unmanned vehicles, commonly known as Drones, and also Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Know if LST devices have good point cloud collection possibilities and at the same time poor mobility. For Drone, mobility and difficult access point survey are an advantage, even though the processed data is geometrically inferior to the LST. Thus, the integration of data from these two survey methods can be an alternative, obtaining synergy between two forms of collection: high positional accuracy with LST and greater coverage with Drone. Therefore, the proposed challenge for the present is the integration of point clouds from both technologies with different precision and different reference systems. In this process, loss of information and quality may occur, with product deterioration and unfeasibility for many applications. Quality control is required before integrating, monitoring the results achieved and knowing the quality of each product as well as the integrated product. Four parameters, from the classical methodology, will be considered without quality control (Lineage, conclusion, semantic fidelity and logical consistency), and it is necessary to adapt these requirements to the specific case in which they occupy these theses. For a part of the practice, four experiments were performed, representative surveys, with the integration of these two types of equipment: in archaeological filters, civil constructions, monuments, sculptures showing the feasibility of integration.
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