Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com 3. Type III -is characterized by severe constriction, with minimal breast base and apparent deficiency of all quadrants of the breast [1,4].However, this classification is very subjective, but the Northwood index is more objective, which is based exclusively on the hernia ion of the mammary parenchyma through the areola as a fundamental point in the development of the tuberous breast. It is calculated by the relation between the measure of parenchymal protrusion through the areola (distance from the tip of the papilla to the base of the areola measured in centimeters) and the areolar diameter measured in centimeters. The index greater than 0.4 defines a tuberous breast, which severity could be classified in mild (0.4 to 0.5), moderate (0.51 to 0.6) or severe (0.61 To 0.7) [1,5]. The early manifestation of signs of this mammary pathology could be observed since before puberty, when hormonal factors stimulate the gland and the mammary growth, due to the anterior projection of the areola-nipple complex and the peripheral expansion of the base of the breasts [3,6]. The breast represents an important symbol of woman's femininity and its deformity result in several psychological problems that, together with the sociocultural influences, motivate surgical interventions to improve its aesthetics [7][8][9]. In this report, it is described the rare case of a 14-year-old woman with tuberous breast and emotional changes as a result from these breast alterations. Case ReportD.C.S., a 14-year-old female patient from Juazeiro do Norte, in State of Ceará, was taken by her mother to the adolescent ambulatory at Maria Amélia Bezerra Children's Hospital. This hospital supports the Estácio de Sá College of Medicine, located in the same city. The teenager's mother reported changes in the appearance of adolescent breasts (Figure 1), which occurred two years ago, and behavioral disorders, such as aggression and introspection, attributed to this fact. Her mother also expressed intense desire to correct the alterations so that she could have a satisfactory anatomical and psychological development. Physical examination: shy expression, uncommunicative, but collaborative patient; hypotrophic mammary parenchyma bilaterally; breasts with enlarged areolas and the right breast was lower, showing asymmetry of both breasts; the right breast was larger than the left; finally, a constrictive ring was present at the base of the breasts (Figure 2). A two-time surgical correction was proposed SummaryThe tuberous breast is a rare pathology that affects mainly young women and is characterized by deformities that strike the breasts, such as an enlarged areola, less breast tissue, flaccidity and a close base in the fold of the breast. In the case report, it is a 14-year-old female patient with tuberous breasts and emotional disorders such as aggression, introspection and low self-esteem as a result of the psychological influence of breast changes. After medical exam, a surgical procedure and psychological t...
Abstract:The reality of the Brazilian public health at a time of financial crisis gets even worse the situation of the Zika virus outbreak, which has expressed concern about its relationship with the cases of microcephaly that currently plague the country. This relationship seems to be increasingly close. The Zika virus, currently has been a major enemy of international public health, increasing astronomically cases of microcephaly in Brazil and other equally worrying disorders. This virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti.
Abstract:The prevalence of obesity is, worldwide, in wide intensification. This increase stimulates the search for new hypotheses that explain the genesis of the metabolic syndrome. This article seeks to clarify the obesogenic hypothesis of bisphenol A (BPA), based on its endocrine disrupting potential. Methodology: For the development of the present study, the Scopus and PubMed databases were used, from descriptors generated by the DeCS: Endocrine Disruptors; Foods; Obesity; Bisphenol A and its correspondents in English. Randomized and controlled trials were considered eligible, focusing on publications in English and Portuguese. The survey was conducted on April 11, 2017, with publications of the last five years being leaked. Based on this, 87 articles were obtained and, from the reading of the title and its abstracts, 26 publications were selected. After the complete reading of the 26 articles selected, 18 articles were obtained that served as a basis for this bibliographic review. Bisphenol A appears as an important agent that causes obesity in the contemporary world, interfering in the signaling mechanism of the endocrine system, being its high exposure linked to many of the habits present in the current context. Conclusion: Based on the possible consequences of bisphenol A, the reduction of human exposure to the compound should be considered. Based on this, alternatives to BPA in the production of industrial plastic polymers have to be considered since increased exposure to the endocrine disruptor is closely related to industrial production.
Carbohydrate intolerance is relatively common in childhood, but its diagnosis and management are still quite precarious. Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is an autosomal recessive disease that results in deficiency of the enzyme aldolase B, which contributes to the onset of gastrointestinal and metabolic symptoms, triggered by the ingestion of foods high in fructose, sucrose or sorbitol. Methodology: For the accomplishment of such a study a search of the literature was done from August to September of the year 2018 with publication period of a maximum of 10 years. The theoretical reference was elaborated through the collection of relevant scientific articles on the subject, made in the electronic databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Pubmed, EBSCOhost and CAPES, from descriptors generated by DeCS: "Fructose Intolerance"; "Child" and its correspondents in English. Thus, 81 articles were obtained and, from the title of the literature and its abstracts, were used. 19 Ademias, articles that were related to the topics covered in this study or whose sample was not composed by humans were also discarded. The diagnosis of HFI is based on the suggestive clinical picture initiated after the ingestion of the fructose, sucrose and sorbitol already mentioned, associated with the use of invasive and noninvasive examinations, but the confirmation is based on the response to the improvement of the symptoms after the restriction of the ingestion of such food, which constitutes the best therapy. Conclusion: Based on the consequences of inadequate management of HFI, it is of fundamental importance that the affected children have an early diagnosis, associated with an adequate nutritional monitoring, which enables an improvement in the quality of life of these individuals, besides preventing important repercussions such as renal and hepatic impairment. Keywords: Hereditary Intolerance to Fructose, Child and Diet
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.