This work study the influence of concrete, plaster, clay and others buried structures in grounding systems. Comparison of soil characteristics between dry and rainy seasons on different grounding systems. The study includes comparison of six different grounding system on dry season and wet season. Simulations in finite element method was performed for tree layer stratified soil and the electrostatic equipotential surfaces were mapped into the region of interest.
Route planning is an essential part of aircraft operations. At a glance, one can think this boils down to the trivial task of tracing the great circle between origin and destination, but optimal routing depends only to a minor degree on distance own.When winds, en-route fees and cost index come into play, mission cost becomes a nonintuitive function. Furthermore, constraints such as airways and no-y zones shall also be taken into account; turning aircraft routing into a combinatorial, NP-complete problem.This work proposes an algorithm based on ant-colony optimization (ACO) for ecient aircraft routing -ACORoute. The main targets in its development are the computational eciency and exibility with respect to the objective function. Both theoretical and numerical analysis of ACORoute are presented in comparison with the reference algorithm, A*.Our approach presents measurable improvement over A* computational cost for most practical cases, starting with heuristics within 5% of the perfect value, while still nding results within 1% of the optimal cost. Nomenclature ACO = Ant Colony Optimization ACORoute = Ant Colony Optimization adapted for Routes C (·, ·) = Cost to y a segment c f , c t = Fuel and time specic cost [$/kg]. [$/s] CI = Cost Index d (·, ·) = Distance operator d i = Distance own by aircraft in the i-th segment [m] ϕ, λ = Latitude and longitude [rad] R = En-route taxes SFC = Time specic fuel consumption [kg/s] ∆t = Time to y a segment/route X = Point in map, the subscripts S and G indicate starting point and the goal of route x, y = Coordinates for planar projections of coordinates
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