Different authors have modelled myofascial tissue connectivity over a distance using cadaveric models, but in vivo models are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pelvic motion and deep fascia displacement in the medial gastrocnemius (MG). Deep fascia displacement of the MG was evaluated through automatic tracking with an ultrasound. Angular variation of the pelvis was determined by 2D kinematic analysis. The average maximum fascia displacement and pelvic motion were 1.501 ± 0.78 mm and 6.55 ± 2.47 °, respectively. The result of a simple linear regression between fascia displacement and pelvic motion for three task executions by 17 individuals was r = 0.791 (P < 0.001). Moreover, hamstring flexibility was related to a lower anterior tilt of the pelvis (r = 0.544, P < 0.024) and a lower deep fascia displacement of the MG (r = 0.449, P < 0.042). These results support the concept of myofascial tissue connectivity over a distance in an in vivo model, reinforce the functional concept of force transmission through synergistic muscle groups, and grant new perspectives for the role of fasciae in restricting movement in remote zones.
BackgroundThe fascia provides and transmits forces for connective tissues, thereby regulating human posture and movement. One way to assess the myofascial interaction is a fascia ultrasound recording. Ultrasound can follow fascial displacement either manually or automatically through two-dimensional (2D) method. One possible method is the iterated Lucas-Kanade Pyramid (LKP) algorithm, which is based on automatic pixel tracking during passive movements in 2D fascial displacement assessments. Until now, the accumulated error over time has not been considered, even though it could be crucial for detecting fascial displacement in low amplitude movements.The aim of this study was to assess displacement of the medial gastrocnemius fascia during cervical spine flexion in a kyphotic posture with the knees extended and ankles at 90°.MethodsThe ultrasound transducer was placed on the extreme dominant belly of the medial gastrocnemius. Displacement was calculated from nine automatically selected tracking points. To determine cervical flexion, an established 2D marker protocol was implemented. Offline pressure sensors were used to synchronize the 2D kinematic data from cervical flexion and deep fascia displacement of the medial gastrocnemius.ResultsFifteen participants performed the cervical flexion task. The basal tracking error was 0.0211 mm. In 66 % of the subjects, a proximal fascial tissue displacement of the fascia above the basal error (0.076 mm ± 0.006 mm) was measured. Fascia displacement onset during cervical spine flexion was detected over 70 % of the cycle; however, only when detected for more than 80 % of the cycle was displacement considered statistically significant as compared to the first 10 % of the cycle (ANOVA, p < 0.05).ConclusionBy using an automated tracking method, the present analyses suggest statistically significant displacement of deep fascia. Further studies are needed to corroborate and fully understand the mechanisms associated with these results.
ResumenIntroducción: Existe un porcentaje relevante de pacientes con epilepsia que son refractarios al tratamiento con fármacos anticonvulsivantes. Este cuadro, se denomina epilepsia refractaria (ER), en el cual, la dieta cetogénica (DC), ha probado ser una alternativa efectiva. Existen diferentes versiones de la DC, y ciertos componentes de esta dieta han mostrado ser más efectivos que otros. Por otra parte, diferentes autores han propuesto hipótesis, de cómo, la DC podría actuar a nivel molecular y celular, para controlar estas crisis epilépticas. Los objetivos de esta revisión, son, explicar la DC, y analizar la evidencia existente, en relación con los mecanismos, a través de los cuales, la DC ejerce un control de las crisis convulsivas. Método y resultados: Se realizó una búsqueda avanzada en PubMed, considerando los términos «refractory», «epilepsy», «ketogenic» y «diet», incluidos en el título y el resumen. La búsqueda, dio como resultado, 288 artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años. De estos artículos, se seleccionaron 134 potencialmente relevantes, posterior a la lectura de sus títulos. Se realizó la lectura del resumen para los 134 artículos, de los cuales, se seleccionaron 17, que fueron, a juicio de los autores, los que incluían la información pertinente para esta revisión. La búsqueda se centró en artículos originales y revisiones disponibles en inglés, con énfasis, en los artículos apropiados para comprender los conceptos generales de la DC y los mecanismos de acción, que podrían representar un rol relevante al momento de controlar la ER. Conclusiones: La DC ha probado ser efectiva en el tratamiento de la ER, sin embargo, hay pacientes que no la toleran adecuadamente. Existen ciertos compuestos asociados la DC que han probado ser más efectivos que otro como es el caso de los triglicéridos de cadena mediana (TCM). Finalmente, se han investigado numerosas hipótesis en relación con el mecanismo de acción de la DC, donde destacan las hipótesis de los cuerpos cetónicos, la adenosina y la del cortocircuito GABA. AbstractIntroduction: A percentage of epilepsy patients are refractory to treatment with anticonvulsant drugs. An effective alternative for treating this condition, known as refractory epilepsy (RE), is the ketogenic diet (KD). There are different variations of the KD, and certain components of this diet have been shown more effective than others. Various authors have proposed hypotheses for how the KD acts on the molecular and cellular levels in controlling seizures. The objectives of this review are to explain the KD and analyze existing evidence regarding the mechanisms through which the KD exercises control over seizures. Methods and results: PubMed was extensively searched using the terms «refractory», «epilepsy», «ketogenic», and «diet» included in the title and abstract. The search returned 288 published articles within the last ten years. Of these 288 manuscripts, 134 were selected as potentially relevant based on the title. After reading the abstract of each potentially relevant paper,...
RESUMEN: La proteína chaperona Calreticulina (CRT), ha sido identificada en retículo endoplásmico (RE) y últimamente en la matriz extracelular (MEC) de predentina y arterias, atribuyéndole diferentes funciones extracelulares entre las que destacan la adhesión celular, regulación de la MEC y prevención en la formación de trombos. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la presencia de CRT en MEC de vena safena parva. Se extrajo una muestra de vena safena parva de un espécimen masculino y luego fue procesada por medios histológicos e inmunohistoquímicos para identificar su presencia. Mediante técnicas de inmunohistoquímica se pudo evidenciar la presencia de CRT en la MEC de la adventicia de vena safena parva. La presencia de CRT en MEC de safena parva orienta a que CRT tienen funciones de tipo extracelular en esta localización, pero es necesario realizar estudios más precisos para dilucidar sus principales funciones en la zona.
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