Cellular immune responses play a critical role in the eradication of intracellular infections and malignant cells through the recognition and subsequent removal of the infection or malignant cells. Effective antigen presentation is crucial for stimulating the immune system against malignant cells. Calreticulin (CRT) has been used to improve antigen presentation. However, CRT overexpression has been previously associated with the development of pancreatic and breast cancer. The import and retention signals of CRT in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be used to overcome CRT overexpression. The present study describes the potent antitumor effect of a DNA vaccine encoding human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 antigens flanked by ER import and retention signals (SP-E6E7m-KDEL). The effect of this vaccine was compared with that of E6 and E7 antigens fused to human full-length CRT (hCRT-E6E7m). In the present study, the effectiveness of SP-E6E7m-KDEL for inducing an interferon-γ antigen-specific, response and its therapeutic effect against tumors was demonstrated, which was as effective as immunization against those antigens fused to CRT. This simplified strategy, using ER import and retention signal peptides to direct antigens to this organelle, provides an efficient alternative to traditional vaccines and, more importantly, a safe and potent system to induce a therapeutic antitumor response.
Objectives: To characterize the supply chain of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrew) inorder to detect areas which could be improved and to determine the economic viabilityof its production.Design/Methodology/Approach: The information was compiled through semi-structured interviews in a vanilla company. The Value Stream Mapping technique wasused to describe the supply chain. Additional databases were consulted in order toobtain information on the production and commercialization of vanilla. The economicviability of vanilla production was analyzed with IRR.Results: This case study had five phases in its supply chain. The IRR of cash flow inthe traditional and technological production systems were positive, although the IRR ofthe traditional system was greater even though it had lower production volumes.Study Limitations/Implications: It was observed that vanilla requires between 3 and 4years for its first harvest, independently of the production system, traditional ortechnological, which means that there are negative cash flow numbers during the firsttwo years in both systems, despite a positive IRR.Findings/Conclusions: The critical stage in the supply chain of the company studiedwas the production. The cash flow for the technological system was superior whencompared to the traditional system. However, the IRR for the technological system waslower, since the investment in shade cloth was not compensated by the discountedcash flows that could otherwise be obtained.
El objetivo de la presente investigación fue proyectar un modelo de gestión de cadenas de suministro para pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector de servicios industriales del estado de Nuevo León, México. Se enmarcó en la investigación acción desarrollada en la realidad de pymes mexicanas, es de corte cualitativo, de diseño no experimental, se apoyó en el diseño de cuestionarios como instrumentos de recolección de información, aplicados mediante encuestas a actores en los procesos propios de las cadenas de suministro de servicios de las pymes; también se realizaron entrevistas a gerentes y directivos de dichas empresas. Los hallazgos demuestran que existen debilidades y fortalezas en estas empresas que las hacen más o menos competitivas en el mercado. A partir de las debilidades detectadas, se proyectan cuatro dimensiones para el desarrollo de la cadena de suministro: estratégica, estructural, relacional y control. Se realizó el mapeo de la cadena de suministro de proyectos para la instalación de sistemas de protección contra incendio en una pyme mexicana y se identificaron procesos, sub procesos y actividades de la cadena, enmarcados en cinco fases. Se concluye la necesidad de implantar un sistema de trabajo estandarizado integrando la empresa en un mismo objetivo de forma clara. Institucionalizar el proceso de la cadena de servicios mejorando la carga laboral. El modelo planteado es perfectamente aplicable en pymes, proyecta beneficios en cuando a estandarización del trabajo, establecimiento de alcances y responsabilidades en los cargos, documentación necesaria para los procesos y mejora del desempeño laboral a causa de la restructuración del trabajo y la gestión del liderazgo.
El incremento de las instituciones de microfinanzas (imf) en México ha agudizado la competencia entre estas instituciones para aumentar su participación de mercado. No obstante las imf deben de valorar de manera adecuada el otorgamiento de créditos a sus clientes potenciales. Que los posibles clientes puedan pagar o no sus créditos depende directamente de los flujos de efectivo que generen por sus operaciones. En este trabajo se hace una revisión de la literatura de los trabajos más relevantes sobre los diferentes modelos de credit scoring y se propone una metodología teórica para analizar el riesgo de crédito en la concesión de microcréditos a partir de los flujos de efectivo esperados haciendo énfasis en la estacionalidad que dichos flujos presentan. Para ello se emplea el método Holt-Winters de pronóstico no lineal, con el fin de predecir el riesgo de que un cliente pague un préstamo (credit scoring).
Background Follicular lymphoma (FLy) is one of the most common subtypes of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) (Cancer EpidemiolPMC4323749). In prior studies, better progression-free survival has been noted in Hispanics (HI), however, further characterization of this ethnic minority needs to be addressed (Ann Lymphoma PMC5877479). This result is consistent with previous research explaining the development of NHL as an heterogeneous process where unique outcomes for races have been noted (Cancer PMID: 22434428). This is the first combined statewide population-based study of Texas (TX) and Florida (FL) evaluating ethnic differences for HI vs Non-Hispanics (NH) comparingdemographics, socioeconomic, clinical and survival patterns of patients diagnosed with FLy. The value of using these states relies on the fact that the percentage of HI in TX and FL are 39.7% and 26.4%, respectively (US Census 2020). Material and Methods This is a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with FLy recorded in the Texas Cancer Registry and the Florida Cancer Data System from 2006-2017. Inclusion criteria was histopathologic proven FLy. Patients were divided into HI and NH for comparison. Standard demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, and survival variables were reviewed. All statistical testing was determined using Fisher's Exact test, Pearson's Chi-square test, T-test or Wilcoxon test, as appropriate. Survival time was measured using the day of diagnosis to last date of follow up or death. Survival distribution were calculated based on Kaplan-Meier curves. Results From 2006-2017, 20,497 patients (HI n=3,176, NH n=17,321) were diagnosed with FLy (Table 1, Table 3). In TX, the median age at diagnosis for HI was 60 years (y) vs 64 y for NH [p-value <0.001]. In FL, it was 62 y and 67 y, respectively [p-value <0.001]. In both states, female sex predominated for HI and NH. In TX, the bracket of poverty index that prevailed for HI was 20-100% while for NH was 10-19.9% [p-value <0.001]. In FL, the largest number of HI and NH were in the 10-19.9% bracket [p-value <0.001]. In TX, both HI and NH were more likely be with government-sponsor insurance, however, up to 15% of HI did not have insurance vs 4% in NH [p-value <0.001]. This was also the case in FL, however their number of uninsurance corresponded to 6% and 2% respectively. In TX, the largest number of HI and NH patients were diagnosed at stage III-IV with 49% and 42% respectively [p-value <0.001]. In FL, for these stages it corresponded to 43% and 37% for HI and NH [p-value <0.001]. In TX, treatment at diagnosis showed a similar pattern for HI and NH, choosing mainly no treatment followed by multiple chemotherapy agents [p-value <0.001]. In FL, this trend was also seen. In both states and for HI and NH, most of the patients did not undergo transplant or radiation. In TX, the median overall survival for HI was 9.2 y vs 8.6 y for NH; the survival probability at 2, 5 and 10 y for HI corresponded to 0.835, 0.701 and 0.453, while for NH it was 0.850, 0.703 and 0.354, respectively; and the overall survival probability at 10 y had no statistically significant difference [p-value 0.44] (Table 2, Graph 1). In FL, the median overall survival for HI was not reached vs NH at 10.1 y; the survival probability for HI at 2, 5 and 10 y was 0.871, 0.777 and 0.601, while for NH it was 0.845, 0.709 and 0.506, respectively; and the overall survival probability at 10 y was statistically significant [p-value <0.0001] (Table 4, Graph 2). Conclusions This large two statewide population-based study identified statistical differences in oncological outcomes comparing HI and NH in patients diagnosed with FLy. HI diagnosed with FLy have higher survival at 10 y, and this difference was statistically significant in FL. Moreover, statistical significance was noted in demographic, sociodemographic and disease characteristics. Additional research should be carried out to identify the variables that drive this difference since advance stage, lack of insurance or treatment at diagnosis do not seem to be influencing it. There may be a combination of lifestyle factors (alcohol, cigarette, diet, other), occupational hazards, autoimmune diseases or protective mechanisms, infectious diseases exposures and unique epigenetic interactions that may explain why HI live longer when diagnosed with FLy. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Diaz Duque: Incyte: Consultancy; Morphosys: Speakers Bureau; Astra Zeneca: Research Funding; Hutchinson Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Epizyme: Consultancy; ADCT: Consultancy.
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