En los mercados laborales de las áreas urbanas de México existe una gran interacción entre los empleos y los individuos. La movilidad de las personas en lo que se refiere a sus entradas y salidas del mercado de trabajo representa el movimiento laboral más general que puede realizar la población activa. El trabajo tiene como objetivo principal el estudio de la inestabilidad en la participación económica mediante el análisis de las entradas y salidas de la fuerza de trabajo del mercado laboral. Para ello se propone primero una metodología para el análisis de movilidad laboral en los merados de trabajo urbanos, tomando como base la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU). En segundo lugar se estudia la inestabilidad en la participación económica, sugiriendo el uso de la volatilidad en el empleo y, por último, se analizan algunas de los principales características de la fuerza de trabajo inestable. Con la información de la ENEU es posible llevar a cabo estudios de tipo longitudinal, aunque en un periodo corto. Finalmente se concluye que existe una alta proporción de fuerza de trabajo femenina que labora de manera intermitente en los mercados de trabajo y que son mujeres jóvenes o mayores de 40 años, casadas o unidas.
Resumen En la región México-Estados Unidos las políticas para controlar y disuadir los desplazamientos migratorios irregulares han alcanzado también a los buscadores de asilo quienes en los últimos años viven un limbo de inmovilidad y desprotección, ahora agravado por la pandemia de la COVID-19. En este artículo se analizan las implicaciones del programa MPP, del sistema de refugio en México y de la crisis sanitaria sobre las personas con necesidades de protección internacional. Los resultados muestran cómo las restricciones y ralentización de los procesos de asilo y refugio han generado distintas condiciones de atrapamiento, mientras la pandemia acentuó el enfoque de securitización migratoria en torno a un riesgo que debe ser contenido.
Una de las interrogantes actuales es sobre el impacto de la pandemia causada por la Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 sobre los grupos de personas de mayor vulnerabilidad. En general se ha documen-tado que la pandemia está afectando de manera desigual a diferentes poblaciones. Por ello, este trabajo exploratorio indaga sobre el impacto que está teniendo el Covid-19 sobre la población de inmigrantes mexicanos que residen en Estados Unidos. Para ello, se considera una muestra de migrantes mexicanos que han sido atendidos a través del Programa de Unidades Móviles de Salud y Bienestar de la Comisión de Salud Fronteriza México-Estados Unidos en las ciudades de Phoenix y Tucson, Arizona. El trabajo también explora y analiza las primeras acciones realizadas en la región fronteriza por los actores gubernamentales de ambos países. Entre los resultados se destaca que más de la mitad de la población reportó tener diabetes mellitus, una alimentación moderada o alta en grasas y azúcares y poca actividad física; así también se observó que son una población con una estancia promedio en Estados Unidos de alrededor de 12 años, con un nivel menor a la preparatoria y bajo nivel de inglés, y labora en ocupaciones de baja remuneración salarial.
BackgroundMental health is defined by the World Health Organization as a state of wellbeing in which people are aware of their own abilities to cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and contribute to their community. Among the minority groups that may be vulnerable to experiencing greater risks for their physical and mental health and full development is the migrant population. The mobile population's migration experience, from their place of origin to destination translates into psychosocial problems and clearly stressful conditions which could be resolved using certain coping strategies. Accordingly, numerous epidemiological studies have found differences in the prevalence of mental health problems between migrants and native-born residents of destination countries, as well as between migrants and their non-migrant co-nationals.PurposeTo describe sociodemographic characteristics of the Latino migrant population in the United States who visited the Health Windows (HW) and Mobile Health Units (MHU) in 2021, who may have been at risk for mental, neurological or substance use disorders and agreed to a screening for signs and symptoms of mental health conditions.MethodUsers of the HW and MHU were offered preventive health services and completed a mental health screening. These variables were registered in SICRESAL. If their results showed signs and symptoms of mental health conditions, they were screened by credentialed professionals from the Psychology Faculty of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Screened individuals received a diagnosis and specialized care remotely and/or online with the MHU and HW network partners. To analyze sociodemographic variables corresponding to neurological or substance induced mental illness among the Latino migrant population in the United States who visited the Ventanillas de Salud (VDS)/Health Windows (HW), and Unidades Móviles de Salud (UMS)/Mobile Health Units (MHU), during 2021; contingency tables were created showing percentages and chi square with a significant p < 0.05.FindingsDuring 2021 HW and MHU completed a total of 794 mental health screenings of which 84% were completed at HW. Further, 59% were women with an average age of 43, ranging from 7 to 86 years of age. Twenty percent 20% of the population who voluntarily agreed to screening yielded a positive result for some type of mental health symptom or problem. This percentage (37%) was greater among those who consulted MHU. With respect to age, results showed that youth were at greatest risk for mental health problems. Among the screened population, the independent variables, type of Health Window attended, gender, age group, and place of origin are related to the existence of some type of mental health symptom or problem yielding a significance level of <0.05 for depression and anxiety symptoms.Discussion and prospectsIn this study, as in others, the migrant population that visited the HW and UMS in 2021 reported a greater risk of mental health problems, with symptoms related to depression and anxiety among the socio-demographic variables of gender, age group, and place of origin. Thus, these symptoms relate to being a female aged between 18 and 38 and originating from Mexico. Finally, the possibility of screening the migrant population for signs and symptoms of mental health conditions that attended the Health Windows or Mobile Health Units during 2021, made it possible to refer them to psychology or psychiatry services and improve the quality of life of those who accessed the services and, consequently, that of their families and communities.LimitationsThe main limitation is associated with the information source since we worked with secondary data and relied on the information provided by those who attended both the HW and the MHU.
Modelo multivariante para la explicación de las deportaciones de migrantes... / R. CRUZ y JG. GONZÁLEZ
En este artículo se exploran los riesgos enfrentados en el trayecto migratorio por los niños, niñas y adolescentes que fueron devueltos por autoridades estadounidenses a Tijuana. Se bosqueja el marco teórico para analizar los riesgos en la migración que, en conjunto con la vulnerabilidad y las violaciones de derechos humanos, se describen a partir de registros administrativos y de una encuesta a 115 menores. Los datos ilustran que la búsqueda de empleo y reunificación familiar en otro país motivan el viaje, y aunque éste supone consecuencias que no siempre son fatales, no por ello deben ser ignoradas por los gobiernos.
BackgroundElements associated with an increased risk factor for the contagion of COVID-19 in shelters include the turnover and overcrowding of people, time spent in communal areas, daily supply needs, water availability, and sanitation levels. The “Report on the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Migrants and Refugees,” shows that factors such as the shortage of food, supplies, water, sanitizing materials, spaces for healthy distancing, financial resources for rent and essential services, and the lack of medical or psychological care complicated providing care for migrants and applicants seeking international protection.ObjectiveWe describe shelter operations regarding the detection and follow-up of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases showing mild symptoms among the migrant population housed in the border cities under study.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with study subjects (people in charge, managers, coordinators, shelter directors) from 22 migrant shelters, and 30 with key informants. We studied the cities of Tijuana (Baja California), Nogales (Sonora), Ciudad Juárez (Chihuahua), Piedras Negras (Coahuila), and Heroica Matamoros (Tamaulipas). The research was based on a qualitative methodological design with an ethnographic approach. The information collected was transcribed and systematized into two tables or analytical templates, one for interviews with study subjects, and another for interviews with key actors.FindingsOverall, seventy-eight registered shelters provided accommodation services for migrants in the five cities the study focused on: thirty-seven in Tijuana, five in Nogales, twenty-two in Ciudad Juárez, eight in Piedras Negras, and five plus a camp (six in total) in Matamoros. The major concentration of shelters was in Tijuana (47.4%) and Ciudad Juárez (28.2%). At the beginning of the pandemic, only a few shelter facilities met quarantine and isolation guidelines, such as having separate bathrooms and sufficient space to isolate the “asymptomatic” and “confirmed” from close “contacts”. The lack of isolation space and the inability to support the monitoring of patients with COVID-19 posed a challenge for those housed in shelters, forcing many shelters to close or continue operating behind closed doors to avoid becoming a source of infection during the pandemic.Discussion and outlookContrary to speculation, during the onset of the pandemic northern border migrant shelters did not become sources of COVID-19 infection. According to the data analyzed from 78 shelters only seven had confirmed cases, and the classification of “outbreak” was applied only in two facilities. Contagion control or containment was successful as the result of following a preventive containment logic, including the isolation of all suspected but unconfirmed cases, without a clear understanding of the human and financial resources required to maintain isolation areas. However, shelters in the study implemented protocols for epidemiological surveillance, control, and prevention with elements that interfered with monitoring spaces, and processes that caused oversights that resulted in underestimating the number of cases.LimitationsDue to travel restrictions imposed to prevent and contain coronavirus infections it was impossible to stay on-site in the cities studied, except for Tijuana, or carry-out recordings of migrants' views in shelters.
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