The Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change Project set out to improve the diversity, quantity, and accessibility of germplasm collections of crop wild relatives (CWR). Between 2013 and 2018, partners in 25 countries, heirs to the globetrotting legacy of Nikolai Vavilov, undertook seed collecting expeditions targeting CWR of 28 crops of global significance for agriculture. Here, we describe the implementation of the 25 national collecting programs and present the key results. A total of 4587 unique seed samples from at least 355 CWR taxa were collected, conserved ex situ, safety duplicated in national and international genebanks, and made available through the Multilateral System (MLS) of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty). Collections of CWR were made for all 28 targeted crops. Potato and eggplant were the most collected genepools, although the greatest number of primary genepool collections were made for rice. Overall, alfalfa, Bambara groundnut, grass pea and wheat were the genepools for which targets were best achieved. Several of the newly collected samples have already been used in pre-breeding programs to adapt crops to future challenges.
The line MD 23-24 was introduced and tested in Costa Rica between 1996 and 1999, which served as the precursor of the Bribri bean variety. It was bred, at the Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, by crossing (RAB 310/XAN 155) X (DOR 391/POMPADOUR G). The variety characterizes by showing a small bright red grain, with a II-B Type growth habit, an erect bearing and a vegetative cycle from 76-80 days. The two main life zones where it was evaluated were the bh-T (tropical humid forest) and the bmh-P (very humid pre-mountainous forest). Small commercial farms with low fertility soils prevailed in most of the evaluated localities. The Bribri variety outstood in average yield by 17.2% the national control and by 13,4% the local control. Its yield was 8.5% higher than the average yield of all the assays. The verifying and the validation stages were conducted based on the technology applied by the farmers in nine out of eleven localities. Bribri out-yielded the local controls in 67% of the plots at the verifying phase (with an average of 15.5% more kg/ha) and in 80% of the validation plots (with an average of 7.5% more kg/ha). Besides, it showed tolerance to web-blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk).
Palabras clave: Diquís; decoloración del grano; fitomejoramiento participativo; Phaseolus vulgaris L.; sequía terminal. Keywords: Diquís; grain discoloration; participatory plant breeding; Phaseolus vulgaris L.; terminal drought.
Recibido: 09/06/17Aceptado: 24/10/17 ABSTRACT "Diquís", shiny red common bean cultivar. Development of cultivars with high yield and adapted to the conditions of small farmers has been carried out in Costa Rica since 1995, through participatory plant breeding, and it´s one of the most economical strategies for facing crop problems. The objective of this work was to describe the process of development of cultivar Diquís (Phaseolus vulgaris) and its main characteristics. The Diquís variety was released in
During a search for populations of wild common bean, namely south of the Central Valley of Costa Rica, a new bean species, Phaseolus albicarminus, has been found on the slope of a mountainous range named Cerros Llano Bonito in the western part of Talamanca range, where it appears to be endemic. Its main morphological features are: short pseudoracemes with four small deltoid primary bracts, small early caducous deltoid bracteoles, calyx lobes reduced to two lips, white wings contrasting with carmine purple inner face of standard, and smoothly curved 3–4 seeded pods with prow-shaped beak. The differences with apparently closely related species, P. hygrophilus and P. angucianae, are: in primary bracts (orbicular versus oval acuminate), larger bracteoles (cordate versus rounded), inner face of standard (pale pink to white versus purple), lower calyx lobes (rounded versus triangular), and pod dorsal suture (straight versus sigmoid), respectively. The fact that to date only three populations of P. albicarminus are known from the same small area of Costa Rica, calls for monitoring its conservation status. This new species is tentatively assigned to the section Brevilegumeni which seems well represented in Costa Rica (with five out of six taxa).
Palabras clave: Diquís; decoloración del grano; fitomejoramiento participativo; Phaseolus vulgaris L.; sequía terminal. ABSTRACT "Diquís", shiny red common bean cultivar. Development of cultivars with high yield and adapted to the conditions of small farmers has been carried out in Costa Rica since 1995, through participatory plant breeding, and it´s one of the most economical strategies for facing crop problems. The objective of this work was to describe the process of development of cultivar Diquís (Phaseolus vulgaris) and its main characteristics. The Diquís variety was released in
In this research a broad set of bean genotypes were evaluated in the search for sources of resistance to both, anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and angular leaf spot (Pahaeoisriopsis griseola). The germplasm evaluated came from the National Bean Breeding Program and international nurseries from CIAT: VIFURE, VIPADOGEN and CORE COLLECTION. Experimental plots were establised in Puriscal (1017 masl), Alajuela (814 masl) and Fraijanes (1650 masl), during the 97-98 and 98-99 growing seasons. Experimental plots were single or two rows from two to six m in length depending on seed availability. Disease reaction was scored at six and eight weeks after seeding using a 1 to 9 severity scale. Only genotypes showing 1-3 disease reaction for anthracnose and 1-4 for angular leaf spot were selected. In the germplas from the National Bean Breeding Program nine lines resistant to both pathogens were identified, of those, five lines were specifically resistant to anthracnose and two angular leaf spot. In the VIPADOGEN from CIAT, 25 lines were resistant to anthracnose and only two were resistant to both diseases. These materials also displayed adaptation to either drought or low soil fertility. The CORE COLLECTION nursery provided 82 lines resistant to anthracnose, 12 lines resistant to angular leaf spot and 26 lines were resistant to both pathogens. The most outstanding sources of resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot will be made available in a regional nursery.
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