This ethnographic paper deals with the expression of profanity in Cebuano and Bahasa Sug. Data has shown that various profanities in these two languages are based on religion, sex, effluvia, and assault to the "face". Spanish and Arabic loanwords are manifested in Cebuano and Bahasa Sug, respectively, due to religion. Sex-based profanities, effluvia, and profanities against the "face" are expressed using the indigenous languages. It is noteworthy that Cebuano has more expressions of profanity compared to Bahasa Sug. For the Christian Cebuanos, uttering profanity is more of a pardonable venial sin in contrast to the unpardonable mortal sin. For the Muslim speakers of Bahasa Sug, Islam is a way of life which goes strongly with the observance of adat, the customary laws. Hence profanity among speakers of Bahasa Sug is sanctioned by the Islamic faith and declared haram, religiously forbidden.
Cebuano, Filipino, and Isamal are classified as Austronesian languages that are spoken in the Philippines. This paper deals with the comparative ergative and accusative structures of the aforementioned languages with focus on the syntactic relations and processes. The varieties of these languages are the ones used in Samal Island, Davao, Philippines. Aimed at the structural configurations, the verb phrase (VP) and the tense phrase (TP) are analytically scrutinized as the cartographic projections of the lexical information encoded in the argument structures and the thematic structures of the verbs. With the employment of the Minimalist Program in the analysis, the computation includes the movement, checking of features, and assignment of theta roles within the structures of the three languages. Findings include the (1) similarity of structural relations and processes in the VP and the TP of the three languages, (2) movement of the verb from the VP to the TP, and (3) merger of the verb complements occur in the VP that ensures the local assignment of theta roles and the checking of cases.
Isamal is an Austronesian language spoken by around 8,000 indigenous people of Samal Island, Mindanao, Philippines. Fieldwork has shown that every speaker of Isamal is bilingual in Cebuano, the most dominant language in the island with a population of 104,123 according to Philippine Census (2015). This paper deals with the morphosyntax of Isamal ergatives, and analysis is made using the Minimalist Program with focus on the movement of elements in the structure. Verb morphology is given a description to lend a hand in the analytical scrutiny of the projections of the lexical information encoded in the argument and thematic structures of the verbs. Like all ergatives, Isamal ergatives have only one argument, that is, the theme-DP. There are three primary syntactic structures that are analyzed in this paper, namely, VP, TP, and CP. With the employment of the Minimalist Program for analysis, movement in the ergative structures shows that verbs, arguments and adjuncts can move.
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