Repeated transmission tests showed that the tube‐building cercopoids Hindolafulva (in Sumatra) and H. striata (in Java) were natural vectors of Sumatra disease of cloves, caused by Pseudomonas syzygii. In tests on experimental transmission of P, syzygii, H, striata collected from a disease‐free area acquired bacteria within 4 h of access to infected plants and transmitted them within 4 h of access to healthy test plants. Transmission was persistent and commenced within 24 h of acquisition feeding, but there was evidence for a short latent period between acquisition and transmission of bacteria. After acquisition feeding, P. syzygii was isolated from 67% of insects that transmitted the disease and also from 3% of those that did not. Times to death of test plants following first exposure to both naturally and experimentally infective insects showed log‐normal distributions with similar slopes. Younger (1‐year) seedlings died slightly sooner (median response time = 200 days) than older (2‐ to 3‐year) test plants (median response time = 280 days). The bacterial content of test plants was positively correlated with time to death.
<p>ABSTRAK<br />Penyakit kerdil merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada<br />tanaman lada (Piper nigrum L.), yang disebabkan oleh dua jenis virus,<br />yaitu Piper Yellow Mottle Virus (PYMV) yang ditularkan oleh kutu putih<br />(Planococcus minor dan Ferrisia virgata); dan Cucumo Mosaic Virus<br />(CMV) yang pernah dilaporkan ditularkan oleh Aphis gossypii. Penelitian<br />tentang penyakit ini telah dilakukan di laboratorium dan rumah kaca untuk<br />mengetahui kemampuan serangga vektor P. minor, F. virgata dan A.<br />gossypii dalam menularkan penyakit. Serangga tersebut diberi makan<br />selama 24 jam pada tanaman lada yang terserang penyakit kerdil,<br />kemudian serangga dipindahkan ke bibit lada sehat selama 24 (A. gossypii)<br />dan 48 jam (P. minor dan F. virgata). Pada setiap jenis serangga diuji 1, 3,<br />7 dan 10 ekor per tanaman. Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan pula<br />pengujian lanjutan penularan dengan A. gossypii (sebanyak 10 ekor<br />serangga per tanaman) dengan menggunakan tiga sumber tanaman sakit<br />yang berbeda (tanaman sakit asal Bangka, asal Sukabumi dan Bogor).<br />Selain itu dilakukan penularan secara mekanik dengan menggunakan<br />ketiga sumber inokulum. Tanaman yang telah diperlakukan diinkubasikan<br />di rumah kaca. Deteksi virus dilakukan dengan ELISA dengan<br />menggunakan antiserum dari Agdia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa<br />P. minor dan F. virgata dapat menularkan penyakit kerdil ke tanaman lada<br />hingga 100%, sedangkan penularan dengan A. gossypii tidak menunjukkan<br />gejala, tetapi pada pengujian lanjutan dengan A. gossypii memperlihatkan<br />beberapa tanaman bergejala. Dari penelitian ini terungkap kutu putih<br />merupakan serangga vektor PYMV yang sangat efisien, sedangkan A.<br />gossypii dapat berperan sebagai vektor CMV dengan kemampuan<br />penularan masih terbatas.<br />Kata kunci : Piper nigrum L., penyakit kerdil, Ferrisia virgata,<br />Planococcus minor, Aphis gossypii, CMV dan PYMV,<br />penularan</p><p><br />ABSTRACT<br />Transmission of stunted growth disease on black pepper<br />by three insect vectors<br />Stunted growth disease is one of the most important diseases on<br />black pepper caused by Piper Yellow Mottle Virus (PYMV) transmitted by<br />Mealybugs (Planococcus minor and Ferrisia virgata) and Cucumo Mosaic<br />Virus (CMV) transmitted by Aphis gossypii. These experiments were<br />conducted at laboratory and green house to examine the capability of the<br />insects in transmitting the disease. The insects were fed on black pepper<br />plant for 24 hours, then transferred to healthy black pepper seedlings for<br />24 hours (A. gossypii) and 48 hours (P. minor and F. virgata). Each plant<br />was treated with 1, 3, 7 and 10 insects. Other disease transmission test with<br />A. gossypii was carried out using the similar method, but each plant was<br />treated with 10 insects and used three source plants (disease plant from<br />Bangka, Sukamulya/Sukabumi and Bogor). Disease mechanical<br />transmission was also carried out to black pepper plant using the three<br />sources of disease plant treated plants were incubated in the glass house.<br />ELISA was used for disease confirmation with antiserum from Agdia.<br />The results showed that high transmission rate (up to 100%) were obtained<br />in transmission with P. minor and F. virgata . No disease symptoms were<br />shown in black pepper seedlings treated with A. gossypii. In the other<br />transmission test, however, some plants showed symptoms. The similar<br />symptoms were also seen on black pepper plants which were mechanically<br />inoculated. The ELISA showed that the plants were positive for CMV.<br />These experiments suggested that P. minor and F. virgata are very<br />efficient vectors for PYMV, Whereas A. gossypii was confirmed as vector<br />of CMV of black pepper with limited ability in transmitting the disease.<br />Key words : Black pepper, stunted growth disease, Ferrisia virgata,<br />Planococcus minor, Aphis gossypii, CMV, PYMV,<br />transmissio</p>
ABSTRAKKubis, brokoli, dan bunga kol merupakan tanaman sayuran yang cukup penting, termasuk dalam famili Brassicaceae. Kendala utama dalam budidaya tanaman tersebut adalah serangan hama Crocidolomia pavonana. Minyak atsiri merupakan salah satu produk tanaman yang dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pengendalian organisme pengganggu tumbuhan. Penelitian telah dilakukan di Rumah Kaca Kelompok Peneliti Proteksi Tanaman Balittro, sejak Maret sampai Desember 2014. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh minyak atsiri terhadap mortalitas telur, larva dan imago C. pavonana. Minyak atsiri yang diuji adalah minyak babadotan, cengkeh, laja gowah, seraidapur, seraiwangi, dan temulawak, masing-masing pada konsentrasi 0,5%. Selain itu, digunakan mimba sebagai pembanding. Pengujian ovisidal dilakukan dengan mencelupkan telur dalam masing-masing larutan uji. Untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap larva (larvasidal) telah dilakukan aplikasi bahan-bahan tersebut pada larva dan daun brokoli. Penelitian penghambatan peneluran dilakukan dengan menyemprotkan larutan ini pada tanaman, dikeringanginkan kemudian tanaman dikurung, dan serangga dewasa dimasukkan ke dalam kurungan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap penetasan telur dan mortalitas larva serta jumlah kelompok telur yang diletakkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan minyak seraidapur dan temulawak bersifat toksik terhadap telur. Minyak babadotan, mimba, dan seraiwangi yang diaplikasikan pada daun, mengakibatkan mortalitas larva lebih dari 90% tetapi, pada aplikasi langsung pada larva, mortalitas tertinggi berkisar antara 28% pada perlakuan mimba dan seraiwangi. Minyak babadotan, seraidapur, dan seraiwangi serta mimba memberikan pengaruh yang sama terhadap penghambatan peneluran pada 96 jam setelah aplikasi. Pengaruh terhadap peneluran juga terlihat pada perlakuan minyak temulawak yang telah diformulasikan. Minyak seraiwangi, seraidapur, babadotan, dan mimba serta temulawak berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai insektisida nabati untuk mengendalikan C. pavonana.
The cause of stunting disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Indonesia has not yet been confirmed cither due o a virus or mycoplaam. However, similar disease found on black pepper plants in the Southeast Asia is caused by Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMV) which is transmitted by Planococcus citri. This expeiments was aimed o examine the cause of the stunting disease and its insect vectors. The expeiment were conducted from October 1998 to May 2001. Diseased vegetative materials of black pepper plants showing stunting disease were collected from Sukamulya, Sukabumi. The potential insect vectors were collected from black pepper plants in Bogor, IP Sukamulya (Sukabumi), Lampung and Bangka. The insects were fed on the diseased plants obtained from Lampung, Bogor and IP Sukamulya, then transferred o the healthy plants. The healthy plants were produced rom true seeds and cutings oiginated rom Bogor and IP Sukamulya. The tested plants were incubated at the green house and examined for disease development. Diseased leaf samples collected rom black pepper plant rom IP. Sukamulya and the transmitted plants were sent to the University of Minnesota, USA for Ihe virus (PYMV) by using ISEM (immunosorbent electron microscope). The result snowed that the leaves samples rom IP. Sukamulya were infected by PYMV. The morphology and size of the virus were similar to those caused stunting disease in the South East Asia. Potential insects vectors found on the diseased black <br /><br />pepper plants were two mealybugs, P. minor and Ferrisia virgata (Hemiptera; Coccoidca: PaaidbcoccidaeX aa well as an aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae). The first tial on disease transmission by using P. minor, previously reared on the potato tubers, showed one out of ten tested plants produced disease sympom. The subsequent trial using P minor, bred on healthy black pepper seedlings, showed thee out often tested plants developed disease symptoms. None of the aphid transmitted plants developed Ihe disease. This study confirmed thai PYMV b the cause of stunting disease on black pepper in IP Sukamulya and Lampung and P. minor as the insect vecor of the disease.<br /><br />
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