Background:Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) also known as Sonapatha is an indigenous medicinal plant widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for over thousands of years. It is an active ingredient of well-known Ayurvedic formulations such as Chyawanprash and Dasamula. Root bark of this plant has tonic and astringent properties and it is also used in rheumatism.Objective:The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of different extracts of root bark of Oroxylum indicum against adjuvant - induced arthritis in rats.Materials and Methods:Male Wistar rats were used in this study. Arthritis was induced by injecting 0.1 ml Freund's complete adjuvant intra-dermally into the left hind paw of the rats. The paw volume, hematological, biochemical, radiographic and histopathological aspects were evaluated.Results:The relative percentage inhibition potential of paw volume in rats treated with various extracts of Oroxylum indicum was found to be ethyl acetate extract (67.69%) >chloroform extract (64.61%) >n-butanol extract (58.46%) respectively. The hematological parameters like RBC count, hemoglobin content showed significant increase while there was a significant decrease in total WBC count and ESR in all the groups of animals pretreated with root bark extracts. The biochemical parameters such as catalase, glutathione contents showed a significant increase while the lipid peroxide and Cathepsin-D content decreased significantly only in case of ethyl acetate pretreated rats when compared to others.Conclusion:The present study suggests that the chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of root bark of Oroxylum indicum exhibit anti-arthritic activity. The order of activity of extracts was found to be ethyl acetate >chloroform >n-butanol respectively.
A Phase 2 clinical trial with Black Cohosh and Red Clover was conceived in 2000 within our UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplement Research on Womenʼs Health. Prior to implementing the trial, a Phase 1 study was required and approval from FDA that an IND application was not required since the end point being measured was reduction in hot flashes in menopausal women. Menopause, for purposes of FDA is not considered a disease. The study was delayed for more than a year in order to prepare a botanically authenticated and chemically and biologically standardized extract. It was ascertained that the biological endpoint for purposes of the study would be interaction with certain serotonin receptors, in vitro. The study preparations had to be formulated and were subjected to accelerated stability studies. During the recruitment of suitable subjects the results of the WHI (Womenʼs Health Initiative) caused difficulty in the ability to recruit suitable women since the study had four arms, i.e. Black Cohosh, Red Clover, Placebo and Prempro and many women were reluctant to enter the trial if there was a possibility that there would be taking Prempro. Because of this, only 88 subjects were recruited of the 128 initially planned. However, the study was powered sufficiently if the dropout rate was less than 15 %. In the final analysis, Red Clover was shown to positively affect cognition but neither test preparation reduced hot flashes. A discussion of these results will be presented.
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