Heinherg and Thompson (I 995) demonstrated that females exposed to a compila tion of media images (commercials) reflecting the current societally sanctioned standards of thinness and attractiveness experienced greater mood and body image disturbance than females who viewed a neutral, nonappearance-related control video Social comparison has been offered as one mechanism for the negative out comes of such media-based exposures. In the current study, social comparison was manipulated by creating three instructional conditions: comparison, distraction, and neutral. Instructional set did not differentially affect recall ot appearance or nonappearance aspects of either an appearance-related collection of commercials or a nonappearance video (e.g., Heinberg & . However, partici pants in the comparison condition self-reported a greater degree of self-to-model comparison than participants in the distraction or neutral conditions. A marginally signifii ant three-way interaction between condition, tape, and time emerged for a measure of appearance dissatisfaction, suggesting that comparison participants' body images were more negatively affected than the other groups. Tape by Time in teractions also emerged for measures of anger, anxiety, and depression, revealing that greater distress was associated with the viewing ot media images reflecting the c urrent societal bias towards thinness and attractiveness. Dispositional level of in ternalization of societal values regarding attractiveness moderated women's reac tions to the two video presentations. The findings are discussed with regard to sociocultural models of body image and possible implications for interventions for appeal a nee-re la ted distress A large number of survey and correlational studies have supported the notion that sociocultural factors play a role in the development of body image disturbance (Fallon, f 990; Heinberg, 1996). Recent findings from contn illed laboratory studies provide even stronger support for a socio-

Culturally safe service delivery is critical in enhancing personal empowerment and, as a result, should promote more effective and meaningful pathways to self determination for Indigenous people. Little has been said about encouraging people from Indigenous groups into the health and education discipline(s) to help provide a safe environment which includes cultural safety. This is a phrase originally coined by Maori nurses which means that there is no assault on a person's identity. The people most able or equipped to provide a culturally safe atmosphere are people from the same culture. We need to move on from the ‘short term, cost effective, quick fix’ approach to Indigenous issues, driven by economic imperatives, the clamouring of industry and conservative, hegemonic practices. To genuinely address the challenges of Indigenous health and education, the issue of cultural safety cannot be avoided. Critical reflection on experiential knowledge and defining or framing a debate on cultural safety is essential. This paper briefly examines some considerations for work practice.

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Background Aboriginal infants have poorer birth outcomes than non-Aboriginal infants. Harmful use of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances is higher among Aboriginal women, as is violence, due to factors such as intergenerational trauma and poverty. We estimated the proportion of small for gestational age (SGA) births, preterm births, and perinatal deaths that could be attributed to these risks. Methods Birth, hospital, mental health, and death records for Aboriginal singleton infants born in Western Australia from 1998 to 2010 and their parents were linked. Using logistic regression with a generalized estimating equation approach, associations with birth outcomes and population attributable fractions were estimated after adjusting for demographic factors and maternal health during pregnancy. Results Of 28,119 births, 16% of infants were SGA, 13% were preterm, and 2% died perinatally. 51% of infants were exposed in utero to at least one of the risk factors and the fractions attributable to them were 37% (SGA), 16% (preterm) and 20% (perinatal death). Conclusions A large proportion of adverse outcomes were attributable to the modifiable risk factors of substance use and assault. Significant improvements in Aboriginal perinatal health are likely to follow reductions in these risk factors. These results highlight the importance of identifying and implementing risk reduction measures which are effective in, and supported by, Aboriginal women, families, and communities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12884-019-2252-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.