To surpass the main challenges established by deep water, high gas-oil flowratios, flow assurance and constant increases in produced water, Petrobras is developing, within PROCAP Technology Program - Future Vision, several projects in the subsea processing area, such as: Compact Oil-Water and Gas-Liquid Separation Systems, Multiphase Pump with High Differential Pressure and Gas Compression System. The main applications of these projects are in fields with high fraction of gas and water, in fields/discoveries located far away from Production Units and to increase the reservoir recovery factor. Furthermore, the application of these technologies may have great benefits, such as: production anticipation, reduction of process system footprint on the Production Unit, decrease in CAPEX/OPEX and especially an increase of the topside oil processing capacity. This paper aims to present an overview of those technologies being developed in PROCAP - Future Vision. Also, this article shows the main motivations of these developments, the main benefits of using each technology, the technological challenges and gaps, typical application scenarios and results of the evaluations performed so far. Major petroleum companies are searching for new technical solutions that fulfill their needs of reducing both CAPEX and OPEX while increasing oil and gas production. The development of new subsea processing technologies, as stated above, will enable, and in some cases reinforce, the use of these technologies for deepwater and/or subsea to shore scenarios. Introduction Subsea processing is a key enabler for challenging field developments, and their benefits increase with water depth, flowrates and step-out. Regarding subsea separation, these advantages are maximized when employing subsea compact separation technologies. Also, subsea processing brings HSE benefits related to reduction of waste disposal to sea, an environmental contribution of subsea oil-water separation systems, and the possibility of using smaller platforms - or none at all - due to the use of processing equipment on the seabed instead of topside, reducing operational risks. In terms of compact separation technology development, Petrobras has been conducting several R&D initiatives for the last ten years. Firstly, these R&D initiatives were developed for topside and onshore applications, but always keeping on mind the subsea employment. In order to evaluate these technologies several tests have been performed. More recently, the Marlim SSAO 3-Phase Subsea Separation System is a very significative example of compact subsea technology employment, for a single producer well application. Multiphase boosting is always considered as a good alternative to develop oilfields, mainly for remote areas. Petrobras invested a lot on the development of twin screw and helicoaxial concepts for multiphase pumps, targeting applications with required differential pressures up to 60 bar. Recently, analysis has indicated that High Differential Pressure Subsea Boosting (up to 150 bar) is economically and technically attractive to various Petrobras scenarios and, because of that, many R&D efforts are being done to develop such technology.
In this paper, the electrical conductivity measurements of four types of crude oils at reservoir conditions were carried out using an in-house-developed pressurized cell. The newly introduced apparatus has the capability of performing electrical conductivity measurements of various reservoir fluids at high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) conditions. The cell can be pressurized with an inert gas to be far enough above the bubble points (P b ) of crude oils. The alternate voltage (AV) cycle methodology was applied to perform the experiments. In this method, the subtraction of electrical currents when the voltage alternated between two specified values (0 and 2 V in this work) was used to calculate the conductivity. The reliability of the methodology and equipment in making conductivity tests has been verified by comparing the conductivity results to the "rest conductivity" values measured via a standard method. Variation of crude oil electrical conductivity showed a strong relation to the physical and chemical properties of the reservoir fluids, including the electrical nature of compounds in oils and viscosity of fluids. The experimental data were fitted well to the Arrhenius model with a clear break point at a certain temperature for each oil, which can be linked to the structural change of the fluids at the mentioned temperatures.
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractFor the control of any process it is essential to establish a mathematical model capable to correlate the operational and free variables to the respond variables. Experimental studies conducted at a lab pilot plant with different Brazilian crude oil showed that the performance of the electrostatic desalting process can be simulated by using a semi-empiric mathematical model. After an intermediate validation step, the results obtained from this model were used to determine the proper treatment conditions of several offshore desalting plants installed in Campos Basin -Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The present work shows how the proposed mathematical model was established and its correlation with the data taken from the pilot plant for different crude oils in the range of 15° API up to 30°API. Finally it is shown the correlation relating the data obtained from the proposed model and others collected from processing plants installed in different refineries and offshore production systems.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo testar a influência de diferentes épocas de plantio sobre a produtividade do milho híbridos e avaliar a quantidade perdida quando não são respeitadas as épocas ideais de plantio e fazer uma análise biométrica da planta e espiga para constatar se pode ocorrer mudanças no dossel. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental do NÚCLEO DE PESQUISA EM FITOTECNIA - FELEOS/MINEIROS (GO.), no ano agrícola 2016/17. Os tratamentos constituíram de plantio em cinco épocas diferente: T1 – 08/01/2016; T2 – 15/01/2016; T3 – 22/01/2016; T4 – 29/01/2016; T5 – 05/02/2016). Há forte influência das épocas de plantio sobre o desempenho da área foliar sobre a cultivar de milho DKB 360 PRO, o atraso nas épocas de plantio influenciou positivamente o desempenho da área foliar, sendo que o tratamento T5 obteve o melhor índice estatisticamente em comparação a todas as outras épocas avaliadas.
A cultura da soja (Glycine max (L) Merrill) tem importância fundamental para a economia do país e entre os fatores que podem agravar o seu rendimento são as doenças, que aumentam os custos de produção e são responsáveis por reduções anuais na produção de grãos. Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar o efeito da utilização do adjuvante Goodspray para a melhoria da eficiência de controle das doenças da soja em Jataí-GO, safra 2016/2017. O experimento foi realizado no município de Jataí, Goiás, entre as rodovias GO 184 e BR O6O, na região do córrego Onça, norte do município. A área experimental foi instalada em uma lavoura comercial de Soja cv. NIDERA NS 7447 IPRO, semeada em 5 de novembro de 2016. As adubações e demais tratamentos, até a demarcação do experimento, foram efetuadas de acordo com as recomendações técnicas e foram suficientes para a obtenção de produtividade acima de 3.600 Kg de grãos de soja por hectare. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e a parcela experimental e cada parcela com (5m2), constituída de 1 metro (duas fileiras centrais) por 5 metros. Foram tomados os dados de severidade de doenças e de produção. Os resultados de rendimentos de grãos e severidade de doenças, apresentados neste ensaio, permitem concluir que, a inclusão Goodspray em programas de controle de doenças, permitem a obtenção de resultados econômicos e de eficiência muito bons. A adição de Goodspray a fungicidas padrões de eficiência de controle como Aproach Prima, Elatus, Fox, permite a obtenção de altos níveis de rendimentos de grãos de soja e eficiência de controle de doenças como a mancha parda causada por (Septoria glycines).
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