RESUMOA criação de suínos em camas sobrepostas surgiu como alternativa ao uso excessivo de água utilizada na atividade, mas veio, também, o problema da emissão de gases poluentes, principalmente a amônia. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a quantidade de amônia emitida pelas camas de maravalha, casca de arroz e pelo piso de concreto, comparandoa com os níveis aceitáveis para a produção de suínos criados em camas, entre dezembro de 2002 e abril de 2003, no município de Concórdia, SC; três edificações (12,0 x 10,0 m) foram utilizadas, cada uma com 216 animais (Landrace X Large White) e se avaliou a qualidade do ar quantificando-se a emissão diária de amônia, às dez e quatorze horas; a cama de maravalha, por sua vez, apresentou melhor eficiência na absorção das dejeções em relação à de casca de arroz; entretanto, nela foram encontrados os menores valores de emissão da amônia, enquanto no piso de concreto foram observados os maiores valores para o gás; desta forma, indica-se a cama de maravalha como a mais apropriada para a criação de suínos em condições de verão, para o Sul do Brasil; enfim, a análise estatística lançou mão de um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado e 4 repetições por tratamento. Palavras-chave: maravalha, casca de arroz, gasesEvaluation of the emitted ammonia from deep beddings and concrete floor used in the swine production ABSTRACT Swine production in deep bedding appeared as an alternative to the excessive use of water in the activity, however the problem of emission of pollutant gases appeared, mainly ammonia. This research aimed at evaluating the amount of ammonia emitted by wood shavings and rice husks deep beds and concrete floor, compared to acceptable levels for swine production in beds, during December 2002 to April 2003, in Concórdia, Santa Catarina State. Three constructions with dimensions of 12.0 x 10.0 m, divided in 4 boxes with 5.0 x 6.0 m were used, each with a total of 216 animals (Landrace X Large White). The evaluation of air quality was based on the quantification of the ammonia emission, daily measurements, at 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. The wood shaving bed presented better efficiency in the absorption of the wastes compared to the rice husk, which presented the lowest values of ammonia emission. In the concrete floor the highest values were observed for the gas. As such, the wood shaving bed is indicated as the most appropriate for the swine production in summer conditions for the South of Brazil. For the statistical analysis an entirely randomized experimental design, with 4 replicates for each treatment was used.
Aquatic macrophytes are important components of aquatic habitats. However, the overgrowth of aquatic plants can cause severe problems for the management of bodies of water. As a result, these plants must be removed and disposed of as waste. However, the usage of this biomass as a substrate in biogas plants would appear to be more beneficial. The present work deals with the anaerobic digestion (AD) of macrophytes species that cause inconvenience to power generation at hydroelectric plant in Minas Gerais - Brazil. The study examines the following macrophytes species; Salvinia molest Oxycarium cubense, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Brachiaria. The experiments were carried out as stainless steel reactor with temperature, agitation and pressure control. As pre-treatment of macrophytes was used heat treatment at 120°C and pressure of 1.6 atm. The maximum methane content was 60% during 40 days digestion time, for Brachiaria of higher lignin content. The result obtained, mainly with Brachiaria demonstrates the efficiency of pre-treatment for the lignocellulosic samples.
RESUMO -Um estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o sistema de criação em camas sobrepostas de maravalha e de casca de arroz, em comparação ao piso tradicional de concreto e sua influência no desempenho dos animais com base no ITGU (Índice de Temperatura de Globo negro e Umidade), no ganho de peso, no consumo de ração, na conversão alimentar e no consumo de água de suínos durante as fases de crescimento e terminação. Foram utilizados 216 animais (Landrace × Large White) divididos em 12 lotes uniformes, cada um com 18 animais, abrigados em 12 baias independentes, de modo que cada conjunto de quatro baias foi mantido em sistema de criação diferenciado. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos inteiramente casualizados com quatro repetições por sistema de criação. Verificou-se discreta vantagem do piso de concreto quanto ao ganho de peso, ao consumo de ração, à conversão alimentar e ao consumo de água. Portanto, o desempenho zootécnico não foi influenciado pelos sistemas de criação, embora os animais mantidos no piso de concreto tenham apresentado resultados ligeiramente melhores que os alojados em cama sobreposta. As camas constituem opção satisfatória para economia total de água de limpeza de pisos de concreto e para se evitar o lançamento de águas residuárias nos cursos d'água.Palavras-chave: conforto térmico, ambiência animal, produção de suínos Evaluation of index of temperature of black globe and humidity and behavior of swine in the growth and termination phases reared on beds in summer conditionsABSTRACT -A study was carried out with the objectives to evaluate the raising system deep-bedding (wood shavings and rice husk), in comparison to the traditional concrete floor in the raising of swine during the growth and finishing phases and to evaluate the animal performance based on BGTHI (Black Globe Temperature and Humidity Index), in the weight gain, ration intake, feed conversion and the water consumption. A total of 216 animals (Landrace × Large White) was used, divided in 12 uniform lots, each one with 18 animals, sheltered in 12 independent pens, in way that each set of four pens was kept in differentiated raising system. The experiment was conducted using complete randomized block design with four replications per raising system. A discrete advantage of concrete floor for weight gain, ration intake, feed conversion and the water consumption was observed.Therefore, the animal performance was not influenced by the raising systems, even so the animals kept in the concrete floor has showed resulted slightly better that the lodged deep-bedding. The beds appear as satisfactory option to provide total cleanness water economy of concrete floor and to prevent the discharge of residual water in the water courses.
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