Context: After the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART), the prevalence of hypogonadism among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected males is decreasing. Aims: The aim of this study was (i) to estimate the prevalence of hypogonadism among HIV-infected males and (ii) to determine the risk factors for hypogonadism. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study undertaken at ART center of a medical Institute. Subjects and Methods: The study recruited HIV-infected males aged 18–65 years receiving ART. Patients with any debilitating chronic illness, diabetes mellitus, chronic smokers or alcoholic, currently on opioids, or methadone were excluded from the study. Androgen Deficiency in Aging Male (ADAM) questionnaire was used to screen patients for the possible presence of hypogonadism. For those screened positive on ADAM questionnaire underwent biochemical evaluation for serum total testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and CD4 count. Statistical Analysis Used: The Chi-square test was used to compare different parameters. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess any relationship between CD4 count, LH, and testosterone. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In the study, 426 were initially screened and 120 patients who had probable hypogonadism were further evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 41.61 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the patients was 22.47 kg/m 2 . The mean duration of ART was 6.13 years and the mean CD4 count was 442.63 cells/mm 3 . Hypogonadism was seen in 20 (23.3%) and majority (85.7%) had secondary hypogonadism. There was significant association between hypogonadism and CD4 count, but no association was found with BMI and duration of ART. Conclusions: Hypogonadism is seen in 23.3% of HIV-infected males. Majority (85.7%) had secondary hypogonadism. There was significant association of hypogonadism with lower CD4 count.

BACKGROUND After introduction of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), the prevalence of hypogonadism among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected males is decreasing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study was undertaken at ART centre of a medical Institute. The study recruited HIV infected males aged 18 to 65 years receiving ART. Patients with any debilitating chronic illness, diabetes mellitus, chronic smokers or alcoholic, currently on opioids or methadone were excluded. Androgen deficiency in aging male (ADAM) questionnaire was used to screen patients for possible presence of hypogonadism. Patients underwent biochemical evaluation for serum total testosterone (TT), luteinising hormone (LH) and CD4 count. Chi-squared test was used to compare different parameters. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess any relationship between CD4 count, LH and testosterone. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS In the study 120 patients were evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 41.61 years. The mean BMI of the patients was 22.47 kg/m2. The mean duration of ART was 6.13 years and mean CD4 count was 442.63 cells/mm3. Hypogonadism was seen in 20 (23.3%) and majority (85.7%) had secondary hypogonadism. There was significant association between hypogonadism and CD4 count but no association was found with body mass index (BMI) and duration of ART. CONCLUSION Hypogonadism is seen in 23.3% of HIV infected males. Majority (85.7%) had secondary hypogonadism. There was significant association of hypogonadism with lower CD4 count.

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Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) have changed the outlook of people living with HIV (PLHIV) by transforming the dreaded infection to a chronically manageable disease. However, there is scant of reports which analyses quantitatively the survival benefit of PLHIV under ART. Objectives of this study were to determine the survival time of adult PLHIV who are on ARV. To analyse the factors determining survival outcome of PLHIV on ARV.Methods: This was an observational study in centre of excellence (COE) ART Centre, RIMS, Imphal from April 2004 to December 2009. Details from the data entered in documents of the ART programme were followed up every 3 months for 60 months from the date of initiation of ARV. All PLHIV above 18 years of age and undergoing antiretroviral therapy were included.Results: Survival rate following initiation of ARV was found to be significantly high among PLHIV. Higher CD4 count at the time of ARV initiation had better prognosis. Mortality was high among IDUs and they had high incidence of co-infections with HCV and HBV. The currently available ARV drugs under NACO programme have better suppression of HIV, are less toxic, low pill burden. The combined regimen used in the earlier days were not much inferior to the current ARV drugs if initiated timely with proper prophylaxis of OIs, good adherence, good nutrition and timely management of toxicities and IRIS.Conclusions: Timely treatment with ARV drugs provided under the national programme with good adherence and regular follow-up improves the survival of PLHIV.

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