Eulniur jidzw: a complex comprising six subspecies, is a classic example of species status conferred through evolutionary taxonomy. \Vc used the phylogcnctic species concept as an altrrnativc method to the biological species concept for determining historic patterns of gene flow between the various E. Ji/m sul)spccics and for conferring species status. In this paper, wc used population aggregation analysis to dctcrminc the proper species partitions and cladistic analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary rclationships of the different populations in the Eulmur,/i/z~ti.c complex. 1%'~sequenced three mtlIN.4 gene regions (d-loop, 12S, and cyt-11) and OIIC nuclear region, casein kiirasc, for R total of 1247 Imscs. Through population aggrrgation analysis, we determined that the E. fihlu., complex should he split into three units; one unit supported by six diagn tic sites comprising E.J: a/boco//fl7i\, ouc unit supportcd by thrcc diagnostic sites comprising f.. col/aii,s, and one unit supported by two diagnostic sites comprising the four other suhspccics. Although all six sul)species in the E.fuhw.\ complex share a commrin ancestor, WT found in our cladistic-analysis that E. J: collnri.~ and 6 ,/:nlbocollurir share a common ancestor that more recently split ofY from thc common ancestor of the fbur other E. ,fithu\ subspecies. 0 I W!l 'l'lrr I.iiiiiixii Sucirt\ 0 S 1.imd111~ AD1)ITIONAL KEY M'ORDS: --phylogcnctic and biological species concepts ~ evolutionary taxonomy ~ population aggregation analysis.

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Reconstructions of the human-African great ape phylogeny by using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been subject to considerable debate. One confounding factor may be the lack of data on intraspecific variation. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of intraspecific mtDNA diversity on the phylogenetic reconstruction of another Plio-Pleistocene radiation of higher primates, the fascicularis group of macaque (Macaca) monkey species. Fifteen endonucleases were used to identify 10 haplotypes of 40-47 restriction sites in M. mulatta, which were compared with similar data for the other members of this species group. Interpopulational, intraspecific mtDNA diversity was large (0.5%-4.5%), and estimates of divergence time and branching order incorporating this variation were substantially different from those based on single representatives of each species. We conclude that intraspecific mtDNA diversity is substantial in at least some primate species. Consequently, without prior information on the extent of genetic diversity within a particular species, intraspecific variation must be assessed and accounted for when reconstructing primate phylogenies. Further, we question the reliability of hominoid mtDNA phylogenies, based as they are on one or a few representatives of each species, in an already depauperate superfamily of primates.

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