Stimulated by imperfect competition/sticky prices framework of the new open economy macroeconomics, empirical research has reconsidered the role of exchange rates in international adjustment. This paper reassesses the link between exchange rates and traded good prices by estimating pricing-to-market equations for the five main euro area countries over the period 1990-99. We minimize selection biases by keeping all manufacturing products and all destination markets and show that exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) is much larger, almost complete, than previously estimated. Thanks to a huge variability in terms of exchange rate variations, products and destination markets, we can map differences in ERPT into market structures and, at the same time, reconcile our results with the empirical literature. We find that ERPT is highly incomplete for sales by oligopolistic industries into advanced economies, indeed in the order of 50-60% as previously estimated. ERPT is instead almost complete in emerging and developing economies where therefore exchange rate movements can help adjust external imbalances. We also find that ERPT is largely asymmetric: it is almost complete after an appreciation of the exporter's currency, rather incomplete after a depreciation. This result is very robust across specifications. Copyright (c) Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Department of Economics, University of Oxford, 2008.

No abstract

No abstract

Introuduction: Limitation of tibio-tarsal joint mobility in diabetic patients can occur within a few years of diagnosis, even in young patients. This joint movement deficit is believed to be due to stiffness in muscles, tendons, joint capsules, ligaments and skin. With this in mind, the aim of this study is to design an experimental protocol of orthopaedic manual therapy and therapeutic exercise in the future for subjects with diabetes, reduced joint mobility and subsequent insufficient dorsal flexion of the tibio-ankle, and to test the reduced avampodalic pressure that correlates with an increased ulcerative risk.Case presentation: A patient aged 64, male, overweight, family history of type II diabetes, selfemployedwith and diagnosed with diabetes type 2. Results:The patient was evaluated with inertial motion sensors, Baropodometric platform, Lounge test, MWM. Already after the first session an improvement in plantar pressures was observed with a decrease both in the peaks from 413.6 Kpa to 99 Kpa in both feet and in the average plantar pressures from 129.8 Kpa to 54.5 Kpa for both feet with a decrease in plantar pressures at the forefoot from 43.7 % to 33.2 %. Tissue elasticity was assessed with the Lunge Test, and increased from 8 cm to 9.5 cm. Conclusion:The results suggest that the role of manual treatment combined with an exercise programme could increase tarsal dorsiflexion and consequently decrease plantar pressures.

No abstract