Some episodes of mental sleep experience which are reported after multiple awakenings during sleep are not recalled in the morning. Have they decayed or are they temporarily inhibited to retrieval? Responses of 10 men were recorded for four non-consecutive nights; they were awakened each night four times after 9 win. of REM sleep. Upon each awakening they were asked to report their mental sleep experience, and in the morning they were asked to re-report these experiences. Where subjects were unable to provide a spontaneous morning report they were prompted using a probe, the probe being the first contentful proposition of the corresponding night report. Subjects were aware of this design. All the night and morning reports were subjected to linguistic analysis. Spontaneous morning reports were significantly less frequent than night reports, but the use of the probe significantly increased the frequency of morning reports. Both spontaneous and probed morning reports and their corresponding night reports shared similar linguistic structures, but the probed reports and their corresponding night reports were shorter. The percentage of contents common to night and morning reports was similar for both spontaneous and probed morning reports, as was the stability of the serial position of those contents. We suggest that, with respect to settings with only one night awakening, multiple awakenings increase retrieval difficulty for entire episodes of mental sleep experience but not for single contents.
In this paper were explored psychological themes underlying vandalistic graffiti by 162 Italian adolescents (154 boys, 8 girls; M age = 17.5 yr., SD = 2.3) who "felt hooked" on vandalistic graffiti and agreed to participate in an interview with a graffiti writer. Use of this interview could clarify the motivations which led these youths to write on walls, the meaning they give to that act, the emotions they feel as they write, and their perception of risks and excitement involved. Qualitative analysis of their responses suggested these adolescents present a marked excitatory-compulsive trait, report a sense of emptiness, boredom, loneliness, and a lack of internal points of reference, and adopt behaviors linked to a pressing need for immediate gratification.
Two experiments were conducted concerning spatial order recall when spatial information is transmitted by auditory stimuli. Temporal order either was congruent with spatial order or was independent of spatial order. In Experiment 1, the comparisons were among normally or partially sighted subjects allowed to look, normally sighted subjects who were blindfolded, and blind children. The main findings were a superiority of the sighted subjects allowed to look (that is, to support auditory information with visual cues) and a smaller advantage for the sightedbut-blindfolded subjects, relative to the blind group. In Experiment 2, normally sighted adults (either seeing or blindfolded) and blind adults were tested. Surprisingly, the blind were not worse than the sighted in this study. Subsequent interviews and detailed analysis of errors suggested that the blind coded spatial information kinesthetically. These indirect analyses also suggested that whereas spatial order was coded temporally in the sighted, it was controlled by both temporal and spatial factors in the blind and blindfolded subjects.
In this paper were explored psychological themes underlying vandalistic graffiti by 162 Italian adolescents (154 boys, 8 girls; M age = 17.5 yr., SD = 2.3) who "felt hooked" on vandalistic graffiti and agreed to participate in an interview with a graffiti writer. Use of this interview could clarify the motivations which led these youths to write on walls, the meaning they give to that act, the emotions they feel as they write, and their perception of risks and excitement involved. Qualitative analysis of their responses suggested these adolescents present a marked excitatory-compulsive trait, report a sense of emptiness, boredom, loneliness, and a lack of internal points of reference, and adopt behaviors linked to a pressing need for immediate gratification.
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