The microenvironment plays a fundamental role in carcinogenesis: Acidity and hypoxia are actively involved in this process. It is important to have in vitro models to study these mechanisms. The models that are most commonly referred to are the hypoxia chamber and the chemical induction [Cobalt (II) chloride]. It is not yet defined if these models are interchangeable if the metabolic effect is the same, and if the results may be compared in these models. In the present study, the response to the effect of stress (hypoxia and acidity) in both models was evaluated. The results indicated that in the chemical model, the effect of hypoxia appeared in an early form at 6 h; whereas in the gas chamber the effect was slow and gradual and at 72 h there was an overexpression of erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). In addition to the genes analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the global expression analysis between both models revealed the 9 most affected genes in common. The present study additionally identified 3 potential genes (lysyl oxidase, ankyrin repeat domain 37, B-cell lymphoma 2 interacting protein 3 like) previously identified in other studies, which may be considered as universal hypoxia genes along with HIF1α, EPO, VEGF, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), CA9, and LDH. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first time that both hypoxia models have been compared, and it was demonstrated that the effect of hypoxia induction was time sensitive in each model. These observations must be considered prior to selecting one of these models to identify selective hypoxia genes and their effects in cancer.
A case report of 35 years old male patient, partially edentulous with occlusal instability, Disc Displacement with Reduction (DDWR), Local Muscle Soreness (LMS) and Alteration of vertical dimension is presented. Rehabilitation was planned to achieve predictability of long-term treatment, providing static and dynamic occlusal stability. A therapeutic occlusion with premature contact in the right premolar sector was planned. Implants and cemented/screwed crowns were used to obtain contacts in the molar area. The restoration of dynamic occlusal schemes was made by direct adhesive technique in the anterior sector and Curve of Spee (COS) compensation with temporary anchoring for molar inclusion was used. Patient presents objective and subjective improvements associated with the treatment performed. Temporomandibular disorder is stabilized and controlled by a specialist.
Las garrapatas impactan como vectores por transmitir patógenos de importancia médica y veterinaria en México, pero los estudios taxonómicos de abundancia, prevalencia, intensidad y preferencia en la distribución corporal de venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) y borrego cimarrón (Ovis canadensis) son precarios, por lo cual estos fueron los objetivos del presente trabajo en Sonora, Nuevo León y Tamaulipas, México. El área de estudio abarcó ranchos cinegéticos autorizados donde se practica la cacería. Se examinaron 233 O. virginianus y cuatro O. canadensis, recolectándose 372 garrapatas [21 ninfas (5.65 %) y 351 adultos (94.35 %)]; 41 % fueron hembras y 59 % machos. Las garrapatas presentes en O. virginianus fueron Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus y Dermacentor (Anocentor) nitens, mientras que Dermacentor hunteri fue la única en O. canadensis. Las orejas fue la región más infestada (83 hembras, 70 machos y 21 ninfas, 46.77 % en total) y la menos infestada fueron las piernas (10 machos y nueve hembras, 5.1 %), con diferencia significativa (P<0.005). Este estudio reporta por primera vez la abundancia, intensidad y prevalencia de garrapatas en O. virginianus en el norte de México y particularmente en los estados de Tamaulipas y Nuevo León, pues solo las garrapatas de O. canadensis habían sido reportadas en Sonora. Estos resultados indican que, aunque los ungulados están en semicautiverio, es importante controlar la infestación por garrapatas de acuerdo a los sitios de adherencia preferidos para aplicar los tratamientos acaridas, debido a la importancia como vectores en la transmisión de patógenos.
Tuberculosis drug resistance (DR) is a global problem that is not fully elucidated. Previously, overexpression of esxG and esxH genes was reported in a multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate compared with a reference H37Rv strain. To evaluate the roles of esxG and esxH in DR, analysis of their regulatory and coding sequences in sensitive and resistant strains was performed, and the expression levels of their transcriptional regulators IdeR, Zur, and MntR were evaluated. esxG and esxH were expressed heterologously using mycobacterial constructs, and the orthologs Msmeg_0620 and Msmeg_0621 were attenuated in Mycobacterium smegmatis by antisense knockdown. We found no differences in the regulatory and coding sequences of esxG and esxH between the sensitive strain and the MDR isolate. Expression analysis of transcriptional regulators showed that ideR was upregulated in isoniazid (INH)-resistant isolates; in addition, growth inhibition of the M. smegmatis strain was observed in the presence of rifampicin (RIF) and INH when esxG and esxH were expressed heterologously, while faster growth in the presence of RIF was observed when the orthologs were attenuated. In conclusion, the expression of esxG and esxH altered the growth of Mycobacterium in the presence of INH and RIF, suggesting a potential association with DR.
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