Abstract. Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) and hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed cakes are rich sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Camelina and hempseed cakes in the diet of ducks on the intramuscular fatty acid profile. Male ducks (n = 99) were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments: Control or C group (wheat-soybean-meal-barley-based diet with 15-20 % rapeseed cake), Experimental 1 or HEM group (with hempseed cake added at 15-20 % instead of rapeseed cake), and Experimental 2 or CAM group (with Camelina cake added at 15-20 % instead of rapeseed cake). All groups received the diets ad libitum. At 49 days of age, six ducks from each group were slaughtered for analysis of the fatty acid composition in the breast and leg muscles.Feeding ducks with the diet enriched with Camelina cake resulted in significantly higher amounts of n-3 α-linolenic fatty acid (ALA) (P ≤ 0.01) and total n-3 PUFA (P ≤ 0.01) in breast and leg muscles, while eicosatrienoic fatty acid (ETE) (P ≤ 0.01) was higher in the leg muscle. The ratios of n-6 / n-3 and linoleic / α-linolenic fatty acids (P ≤ 0.01) decreased significantly compared to the Control and HEM groups of ducks.Feeding ducks with the diet enriched with hempseed cake resulted in significantly higher amounts of linoleic (LA) (P ≤ 0.01), total n-6 PUFA (P ≤ 0.05-P ≤ 0.01) and n-6 γ -linolenic (GLA) (P ≤ 0.01) fatty acid.Our study showed that using Camelina cake as supplementation in duck diets opens a possibility to develop functional food, i.e. meat with a significantly higher content of ALA, total n-3 PUFA and the lowest ratios of n-6 / n-3 fatty acids in ducks' muscles. A duck diet with hempseed cake produces exceptional-quality meat with an enriched content of n-6 GLA.

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Camelina seed or seed processing derivatives, i.e., cake, are cheap alternative protein feed ingredients for meat type poultry. Camelina is an oilseed crop containing 36.8% oil in seeds, while in the cake the oil content accounts for 6.4–22.7%. If compared with other Brassicaceae family plants, camelina is distinguished by a unique fatty acid composition, because the content of α-linolenic fatty acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) varies from 25.9 to 36.7% of total fatty acids. The total tocopherol content in camelina oil and cake are, respectively, 751–900 and 687 mg/kg. Addition of camelina to poultry nutrition increases the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in poultry meat and liver. The content of ALA in chicken muscles increases by 1.3–4.4, 2.4–2.9 and 2.3–7.2 times after supplementing chicken diets with, respectively, camelina cake (8–24%), seed (10%), and oil (2.5–6.9%) in comparison with the control group. Camelina cake (5–25%), seed (10%) and oil (2.5–4%) inclusion in chicken diets results in 1.5–3.9 times higher total n-3 PUFA content in muscles and liver. Meanwhile, supplementation of chicken diets with camelina oil (4–6.9%), seed (5–10%) and cake (5–25%) results in, respectively, a 1.8–8.4, 1.6–1.9 and 1.3–2.9 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in muscles, and 3.29 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the liver. After inclusion of different amounts of camelina cake in chicken diets, a healthy for human nutrition n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio from 1.6 to 2.9 was found in chicken muscles.

A study was carried out to determine the effects of soybean meal replacement with different amounts of blue lupine in the diets of turkeys on the growth rate, anatomic carcass dissection data, chemical indicators of breast and thigh muscles and the content of tryptophan and oxyprolin. In total three hundred and sixty cross BIG-6 turkeys were allotted to two control and ten experimental groups of 30 one-dayold turkeys. The control group of turkeys was fed the diet containing soybean meal, whereas the trial groups were offered different amounts (from 20 to 30%) of lupines. Group 4 and 5 were additionally given probiotic mixture Bio Plus 2B and allzyme SSF, respectively. Soybean oil replacement from 20 to 30% lupine in the diet had no influence on the growth rate, dressing percentage, edible parts and abdominal fat content of turkeys. The study indicated that lupines in the diet of turkeys had a different effect on the meat quality of different genders. Lupines did not have any negative effect on the meat quality of female turkeys and 30% lupines even improved the protein value index of breast muscles. However, 20-30 and 25-30% lupines in male turkey diets lowered dry matter and protein contents in breast muscles but had no negative influence on the main quality indicators in thigh muscles. The results of the study showed that the negative effect on the male breast muscle quality might be avoided using Bio Plus 2B or allzyme SSF additives in the male diets containing 30% lupines.

A study was carried out to determine the efficiency of soybean oil meal replacement with increasing amount of peas (from 10% to 40%) in the diets for turkeys on anatomic carcass dissection and chemical indicators of breast, shoulder, thigh and shin muscles, physical indicators of breast muscles and the content of tryptophan and oxyprolin. The anatomic dissection of carcasses indicated that male turkeys fed peas had from 0.28% to 0.61% (P > 0.05-P < 0.05) less shoulder muscles, whereas female turkeys of the same groups had from 0.09 to 0.31% (P > 0.05-P < 0.05) more abdominal fat compared with the turkeys the diets of which did not contain any peas. The chemical analysis of meat showed that feeding the diets with the increasing amount of peas resulted in 0.69-0.82% lower amount of fat in female shoulder muscle (P > 0.05-P < 0.05). Soybean oil meal replacement with field peas in broiler turkey diets had no significant influence on the other anatomic indicators of the carcass and the other physicochemical indicators of meat as well as the content of trypthophan and oxyprolin in the muscles. Our study indicated that soybean oil meal replacement with peas up to 20% from 0 to 4 weeks, 25% from 5 to 8 weeks, 30% from 9 to 12 weeks and 40% from 13 to 16 weeks, and with 100% soybean oil meal replacement at the final stage had no negative influence on the carcass qualities of broiler turkeys.

In this research carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), ammonia (NH3) and total suspended particles (TSP) were measured, and national emission factors (EF) were determined. Although biomass is commonly used in the residential sector and releases a large part of pollutants in the atmosphere, due to lack of well-documented investigations on air pollutants EFs of wood burning it is difficult to set up representative country-specific emission factors in Lithuania. This study is focused on biomass combustion in the residential sector in order to provide data for country- and technology-specific national EFs. The study has estimated EFs of CO, NOx, NMVOC, TSP and NH3 from biomass burning in the residential and agriculture sectors, respectively, using four-step methodology according to the exhaust gas analysis.

This paper provides a short history of poultry production development in Lithuania and the results of breeding work achieved over a thirty-year period.The year 1965 can be considered as the beginning of breeding work, when the development of specialised strains of laying hens began. On the basis of these strains, after testing them for combining ability, the first two-way cross of laying hens "Neringa" was developed in 1975. The egg production of the commercial layers of this cross on poultry farms in Lithuania was 239 eggs in 10 laying months. After nearly ten years' purposeful work with initial lines, "Hisex White" from the Euribrid company, a more productive three-way hybrid combination was developed (1984), which was denominated as the cross "Kelmò-1". As a result of further breeding work, the laying rate of commercial hens increased to 276 eggs per year. In 1968, breeding work with the initial lines of meat poultry was started. Using lines developed by "Shaver", "Euribrid", and "Arbor Acres" companies, Lithuanian breeders developed 5 lines of Plymouth Rock and 3 lines of Cornish breeds. On the basis of the results from the analysis of the combining ability, a four-way broiler cross "Baltika-4" was developed in 1971 with a daily weight gain of 26.8 grams, and a four-way cross "Baltika-10" with a daily weight gain of 37.5 grams was developed in 1983. During the period of 1989-1990, the experimental four-way cross with a daily weight gain of 41.8 grams was developed. The activities of Lithuanian researchers in the fields of poultry breeding, nutrition and housing technologies together with the results of breeding and those of commercial farms, exerted a positive effect on the development of Lithuanian poultry production 1 .1 Until 1996 all poultry selection and line crossing experiments were carried by the authors out at the Poultry Research Station located in Panevezys district, Lithuania. After the reform of scientific institutions, poultry selection experiments were terminated and the above mentioned station was affiliated to the Institute of Animal Science of the Lithuanian Veterinary Academy located in Radviliskis district, Lithuania. 053173_Journal_2 03-06-2005 08:17 Pagina 308 Poultry breeding in Lithuania: S. Janusonis et al.One of the keys to success was the development of a closed vertically integrated farming system, i.e. primary breeding farm, grandparent reproduction farm, parent stock reproduction farm, the multiplication results of which are used by production farms and large poultry farms. As a result of complex work, Lithuanian state poultry production farms produced 13.5 kg of poultry meat and 273 eggs per capita in 1990.