On the basis ofprevious research and unincorporated theoriesofattitude formation and learning, multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were used to identify differences in personal characteristics, perceptions and attitudes of union members and nonmembers in general, and by sex. The study used a natural field setting incorporating the unusual characteristics of: (a) substantial proportions of women, (6) complete volition in the membership decision, and (c) control of non-random confounding variables across employment settings. The study therefore addressed particular limitatiohs of previous studies in this area. Results indicate that differences exist, in accordance with relevant theory, between voluntary members and nonmembers, and potentially important sex differences exist within these groups as well.
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