It was predicted that social cognitive, behavioral, and affective aspects of young children's social development would predict stable peer ratings of their likability. Measures of likability, emotion knowledge, prosocial and aggressive behavior, peer competence, and expressed emotions (happy and angry) were obtained for 65 subjects (mean age = 44 months). Sociometric ratings, particularly negative, were stable over 1- and 9-month time periods. Correlational analyses showed that emotion knowledge and prosocial behavior were direct predictors of likability. Prosocial behavior mediated the relations of gender and expressed emotions with likability (i.e., gender and expressed emotions were each related to prosocial behavior, and prosocial behavior was related to likability, but neither gender nor expressed emotions were related to likability with prosocial behavior partialled out). Knowledge of emotional situations similarly mediated the age-likability relation. Results uphold the early development of stable peer reputations and the hypothesized centrality of emotion-related predictors of likability.
and the Stability of Working Relationships/,R/<://<2/-rf V. Wagner 116 Identifying Emergent Leaders from Verbal and Nonverbal Communications/.R. Timothy Stein 125 An Attribution Analysis of the Effect of Communicator Characteristics on Opinion Change: The Case of Communicator Attractiveness//4/Jce H. Eagly and Shelly Chaiken 136 Effects of Embarrassment on Behavior Toward Others/Robert Apsler 145 Conceptual Complexity and Concept Learning of Painting Styles/Ken Hill and Don Kiiiken 154 (Continued on inside back cover)
Are preschoolers' likability and prosocial behavior consequences of their earlier prosocial behavior or their earlier likability? Teachers' ratings of positive and negative social behavior, as well as peer-rated sociometric likability, were assessed for 43 preschoolers over a 10-month period (average initial age = 45 months). Early in peer reputation formation, likability was associated with peer behavior: Friendlier, more cooperative, less aggressive, and less difficult children were more well liked. Later likability was predicted by earlier likability, not prosocial behavior; peer reputation appeared to be emerging as more important than social behavior in peers' judgments of likability. Although later prosocial behavior was found not to be a consequence of earlier likability, it was predicted by concurrent likability.
The concept of reasonable doubt was examined as both an individual and group decision criterion. Previous research indicates that neither criterion has an effect on verdicts. A reexamination of this research suggested that such effects might occur for cases producing maximum disagreement. An experiment was performed in which mock jurors reached individual and group verdicts for such a case. The decision criteria for individuals (judge's definition of reasonable doubt) and groups (assigned decision rule) were varied in a factorial design. As predicted, mock juries assigned a unanimity decision rule were significantly less likely to reach a verdict than juries assigned a majority rule. Minority members of juries assigned a majority decision rule were particularly dissatisfied with group deliberation. Definitional variations in reasonable doubt significantly affected both individual and group verdicts. The effects of the independent variables for the group decision-making process were also examined using a model-fitting approach to Davis' social decision scheme model.
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